Lab Exam

### Light Microscopy

- Definition: Utilizes visible light and lenses to magnify small objects.

- History:

  - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: Invented the simple light microscope.

  - Robert Hooke: Developed the first compound microscope.

### Safety Procedures for Microscopes

- Proper handling and maintenance practices for compound microscopes to ensure safety and functionality.

### Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells

- Nucleus: Contains DNA, acts as the command center.

- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.

- Mitochondria: Energy producers with their own DNA.

- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

  - Rough ER: Involved in protein synthesis.

  - Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

### Epithelial Tissue

- Types:

  - Simple (e.g., squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

  - Stratified (e.g., squamous, cuboidal).

  - Transitional: Specialized for stretching.

- Basement Membrane: Anchors epithelial tissue and facilitates filtration.

### Muscle Tissue

- Types:

  - Skeletal: Voluntary, striated.

  - Cardiac: Involuntary, striated.

  - Smooth: Involuntary, non-striated.

### Connective Tissue

- Functions: Structural support, energy storage, transport, and protection.

- Types:

  - Loose and Dense Connective Tissue: Varying fiber density and organization.

  - Specialized Connective Tissue: Blood, cartilage, and bone.

### Fibrocartilage and Bone

- Fibrocartilage: Provides tensile strength, found in intervertebral discs.

- Bone: Supports the body, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.

### Integumentary System

- Components: Skin, hair, nails.

- Skin Layers:

  - Epidermis: Multiple layers, protective function.

  - Dermis: Contains blood vessels and nerves.

  - Hypodermis: Connective tissue layer beneath the skin.

### Hair and Nails

- Hair Structure: Comprises shaft, root, and bulb; has growth phases (anagen, catagen, telogen).

- Nail Structure: Composed of hard keratin; includes nail body, root, eponychium, and lunula.