Fauvism: From the French word fauve, “wild beast;” Early-20th-century art movement led by Henri Matisse, for whom color became the formal element most responsible for pictorial meaning; expressive power of color

Feminist Art: explored the accomplishments of women artists and focused on subject matter related to women’s issues, or historical women

German Expressionism: Early-20th century art movement; characterized by bold, vigorous brushwork, rough/jagged line, and bright color; Two important groups: Die Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter; create a new universal art form

Gothic: popular in the 13^th and 14^th centuries; characterized by rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and stained glass

Gothic Revival/Neo-Gothic: 19^th century – predominantly English – architectural movement to revive medieval Gothic architecture

Harlem Renaissance: A rich period of cultural production for African Americans in the 20^th century; celebrated their heritage and culture and redefined artistic forms of expression

Hellenistic Greek: Sculptural forms reveal greater emotion and movement in the body; subject matter expands to show unusual subjects, all of which utilize drama; departure from the previous period

Italian Renaissance: Highly influenced by classical styles with a great emphasis on humanism, organization, modeling, balance; figures are calm and do not exhibit emotion; artists in guilds utilized chiaroscuro in tempera paint

Impressionism: interested in Parisian leisure and modern life; focused on light and its reflections while painting outside; influenced by Japonisme

International Style: Early 20^th century architectural movement that rejected all historical ornamentation and utilized clean, straight lines

Italian Baroque: theatrical multi-media art that retained an interest in classicism but added complex movement to the compositions; characterized by drama, intensity, engagement with the audience; often associated with Counter-Reformation propaganda

Mannerism: a style of European art that emerged in Italy after the 16^th c. Renaissance; characterized by elongation, artifice, tension, and instability; no central organization; dramatic and exaggerated in such a way that creates a visual puzzle for the viewer

Neoclassicism: A style of art and architecture that emerged in the later 18th century. Part of a general revival of interest in classical cultures; characterized by the utilization of themes and styles from ancient Greece and Rome

Neo-Expressionism: An art movement that emerged in the 1970s and that reflects the artists’ interest in the expressive capability of the human body; characterized by rough handling and intensity

Northern Renaissance: Eventually, interest in classicism like the South develops but early artwork in this style retained Gothic elongation; known for use of brilliant colors in oil paint; extraordinary realism with minute details; religious subject matter is humanized

Prairie Style: Early 20^th-century architectural style that submerged architecture into nature; materials, colors, and light integrated nature as well

Prehistoric: often utilized found objects; focused on animals, life cycles, fertility and typically used for rituals/religious ceremonies

Pop art: 1950s art that incorporated elements from consumer culture, the mass media, and popular culture, such as images from motion pictures and advertising

Post-Impressionism: retains Impressionism’s interest in color, but focused on exploration of structure and form; additionally, at times emotional content was added; move towards abstraction

Post-Modernism: Art after the 1970s that transformed traditional practices and focused on challenging the traditional art world, the art object and the identity of the artist

Proto-Renaissance: characterized by a growing interest in reality; returned to bodies with mass-like forms and realistic modeling to achieve roundness; primarily a movement utilizing frescos made with tempera

Realism: rejection of anything that was not real or that was elite; focus on lower classes and their plight; favored accurate or objective depictions of ordinary world

Rococo: 18^th-century artistic style focused on asymmetry, decoration, grace, detail, and frivolity; included interior design; interest in aristocratic leisure

Roman Republic: veristic sculpture portrayed civic pride, honor, intelligence, and merit

Roman Empire (Early/High): rounded arch and vault created; new building shapes achieved through the use of concrete; figures are idealized, in contrapposto, and display heroism, civic pride, and status

Roman Empire (Late): compositions become chaotic and abandon the idealism of the previous period; no central focus as figures are jumbled and start to stack on top of one another; figures lose idealism and rationalism

Romanesque: primarily an architectural movement in the 11^th-13^th centuries in Western Europe; large, monumental, solid, and dark interiors; constructed with ambulatories and reliquaries that accommodated and attracted pilgrims

Romanticism: explored scenes from the past, intense imagery, scenes of nature, and exotic subjects; glorification of emotion and feeling

Surrealism: 20^th-century movement; grew out of automatism and depicted dream-like states and hypnotic trances (all techniques for liberating the individual unconscious); meant to puzzle or challenge the viewer; often, there existed a multiplicity of interpretations

Symbolism: 19^th-century movement that depicted extreme emotion; often left up to the viewer’s interpretation; embodied a world of fantasy, sensation, imagination, emotion

Venetian: Early use of (and characterized by) wet-in-wet technique to create glazes with oil paint; known for rich and lustrous skin tones acquired by vibrant pigments through Silk Road trade; also first consistent use of canvas

Video Art: relies on new technologies that include moving pictures