Untitled Flashcards Set

Changes in Agriculture

• The population of Europe tripled between 1000 and 1300

• New technology

  • Iron plows

  • Padded collars - horses could [loew faster than oxen)

Crop rotation

• 3 - field system

  • 1 - fallow

  • 1 - grain

  • 1 - peas or beans

• Restored soil, added protein to diet

• Fallow → don't plant it (rest year)

Trade Routes

• To Constantinople, Middle East

  • Purchased silk, spices, jewelry

• Trade Fairs

  • Meeting of merchants from across Europe

  • Where trade routes met

• Hanseatic League

  • German cities worked together to get rid of pirates and protect trade

Cities

• Cities emerged out of major trade centers

• City Charter

  • Written document - rights and privileges of the town

  • Ability to choose own leaders

• City Life

  • Walked for protection

    • Overcrowded and dirty

Changes in Business

• Rise of banking

  • Credit and bills of exchange (could travel without large sums of money and take it out on arrival)

• Partnerships - people worked together to reduce risk

• Insurance system

  • Protected shipments of goods

Rise of the Middle Class

• Merchants and tradesman

  • Between nobles and peasants

  • Families sent children out as guilds

• Guilds

  • Associations of merchants 

    • Political, economic, and social aspects

  • Steps to Guild Membership

    • Apprentice (Ages 7 - 8 years old) to learn trade

    • Journeymen - worked for guild members

  • Women also involved in guilds and trades

Medieval England

Unit 6 Topic 1

Norman Conquest of England

• The last Anglo-Saxon king, Edward the Confessor, died in 1066 without an heir

• Rival claims the throne 

  • Harold (Edward’s brother-in-law)

  • William (Duke of Normandy)

• Battle of Hastings - 1066

  • William the Conqueror defeated Harold

    • Crowned King of England on Christmas 1066

William the Conqueror’s England

• Required all vassals to swear allegiance to him 1st

• Gave some land to vassals, but kept much for himself

• Census

  • Someday Book (1086)

    • Complete list of all lands and livestock in England

• The blending of French (Norman) and Anglo-Saxon culture

Developments of Royal Power

• Royal Exchequer (Treasury)

  • Collected taxes, fees, fines

• Common Law (Henry II)

  • Same for all in the Kingdom

  • Based on custom and precedent (previous court rulings)

  • Charged fees to hear cases

  • Started use of a jury system

Henry II and the Church

• Henry wanted to try clergy in royal courts

  • The Archbishop of Canterbury (Thomas Becket) resisted

• Henry’s knights kill Becket in his cathedral (December 29, 1179)

  • Henry ends up doing penance for the crime, and Thomas Becket is canonized

Bad King John

• Oppressive ruler 

• 1215 - barons force John to sign the Magna Carta

  • Protect the rights of the barons

  • King must consult nobles and clergy to raise taxes

  • Included due process of law

    • Protect the legal rights of individuals

  • Habeas corpus

    • Cannot be held in prions unless charged with a crime

Parliament

→ parler - Fr. to talk

• Evolved from King’s “Great Council”

• Role in government helps unify England

• Gained power of the purse

  • Controlled spending

  • Check on the power of the king

• Included representatives from the “common people” as well as nobles and clergy

Rise of Merchants

• Relied on begging and donations

• Did not have a large territory and income

• Lived in the cities

• Were mobile - moved between houses

• Called fairs

Rise of the Universities

• It started as schools attached to cathedrals in the 1000s

• Mainly taught by priests 

• Curriculum:

  • Liberal arts: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, logic

  • Medicine, law, theology

Scholasticism

• Saw a unity between faith and reason

• Used questions and debate to teach

• 1100s - translations of Aristotle first make it to Western Europe

  • Via Muslim scholars (Averroës Avicenna)

St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274)

• Dominican friar

• Used Aristotle’s philosophy to explain theological truths

  • Most important work: Summa Theologiae

Medieval Science

• Studied Greek and Arab works

• Adopted Arabic numerals

• St. Albert the Great (1200 - 1280)

  • Dominican friar, taught Aquanias

  • Studied astronomy, minerals, plants, and animals

    • Empirical (observed by the senses) investigations and experiments 

The Crusades

• Series of wars (1096 - 1291) between Christians and Muslims over control of the Holy Land

• Muslim Turks were fighting the Byzantine Empire 

  • The Byzantine Emperor asks Pope Urban II for help

• Holy Land

  • Jerusalem

  • Israel 

Council of Clermont - 1095

• Granted a plenary indulgence to those who fought to help the Christian Byzantine Empire

• Sending knights overseas would stop the fighting in Europe between Christian kings

Crusader States

• 1099 - Captured Jerusalem

  • Most Crusaders returned home

• Divided captured Muslim lands into 7 kingdoms/dominions

  • Led by crusaders left behind

• Muslims would try to take back the lost land, prompting new crusades

• Outremer

  • Overseas 

Fall of Jerusalem

• 1187 - Jerusalem captured by Muslim forces under Saladin

• 3rd crusade failed to retake the city

  • Saladin allowed pilgrims access to the Holy Land

• 1209 - crusaders forces sack Constantinople on the way to the Holy Land

  • This causes further division between Catholics and Orthodox

• 1291 - Kingdom of Acre falls to Muslim forces

  • Last crusader kingdom

Effects of the Crusades

•  Religious tension - Both Christian and Muslim forces had committed atrocities; Anger sometimes directed at Jews

• Increased trade

  • More trade with the Middle East

  • Ships used to carry crusades became merchant vessels 

• Papal authority increased

Investiture controversy

• Pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV

• Pope banned emperor from presenting bishops with their crozier and ring

• Henry claimed he was overlord of the bishops

• Gregory excommunicates Henry

  • Henry must do penance - stands outside the papal palace in the snow

  • Henry later forced Gregory into exile

• Concordat of Worms (1122)

  • The pope appoints bishops, and the Emperor grants their land

Pope Innocent III

• Ruled 1198 - 1216

• Height of papal power

  • Usually won against secular monarchs

  • Enlarged papal states

  • Reformed canon law

Lateran Council IV (1215)

• Called by Innocent III

  • Defined transubstantiation - to explain what the church believes about the Eucharist

  • Clerical reforms

  • Albigensian Crusade

    • Southern France

• Ecumenical Council

Avignon Papacy

• Philip IV of France wanted to tax the clergy

  • Pope Boniface VIII said no

  • Philip sent troops to capture the pope, but he escaped and soon died

  • Created the Estates General in 1302

    • Included townspeople, nobles, and clergy

    • Did not have the power of England’s parliament

Avignon Papacy, cont.

• 1305  -Pope Clement V was erected (he’s French)

  • Moved papal court to Avignon, France

    • French rulers had more control

    • This would lead to schism

• Heresy - beliefs that go against the teachings of a faith

• Schism - the division in the Church usually caused by disagreement over authority 

Great Western Schism

• St. Catherine of Siena convinced the Pope, Gregory XI, to return to Rome from Avignon in 1377 (he died in 1378)

• Reformer Pope Urban VIII elected in Rome

  • French cardinals disliked him and elected a rival pope in Avignon

• Church divided between Avignon and Rome

• Finally solved at the Council of Constance 1415 - Both resigned, new pope elected 

New Heresies

• John Wycliffe

  • Translated Bible into English

  • The Bible is the source of all truth, not the Church

  • Wanted Church reform

• Jan Hus

  • Influenced by Wycliffe

  • Pushed for Church reform

  • Executed for preaching heresy

Hundred Years’ War

• England vs. France

• English monarchs owned land in France

  • Edward III (1312 - 1377) claimed the French crown in 1337

• Edward the Black Prince (1330 - 1376)

  • Son of Edward III

  • Successful military commander 

  • Died before his father

English Advantages 

• England led early on

  • Crecy (1346), Poitiers (1356), Agincourt (1415)

    • Mainly due to the new weapon - the longbow

      • Could shoot 3 arrows at a time

• Henry V

France on the Offensive 

• Charles VII (1403 - 1461)

• Disinherited by his father who made Henry V of England his heir 

• Known as “The Dauphin” before he is crowned as king

Siege of Orleans 1428 - 1429

• English had a city under siege

• In 1429, Joan of Arc led French forces to free the city and forced the English to lift the siege

• Considered the turning point in the war

• Siege - surround a city & force it to surrender by stopping all transportation in or out of the city 

St. Joan of Arc (1412 - 1431)

• Inspired French troops to fight

• Led French to victories

• Captured by the English, tried for witchcraft, burned at the stake 

Results of the War

• England lost French lands

  • Began to focus on other territories

  • Parliament gained the power of the purse

• France

• Stregnghed power of the King

Black Plague (aka. Black Death, aka Bubonic Plague)

• First appeared in Sicily in 1347

  • From a ship coming from the Black Sea

• Spread to the rest of Europe within a year

  • Started in Mongolid, then spread to Asia, Middle East, Europe

Bubonic Plague

• Contagious bacterial disease

• Carried by fleas

• Causes swelling of lymph nodes, fever, fatigue, nausea

Black Death

• Social Unrest

  • People fled cities, hid in homes

  • Some blamed the Jews

  • Some saw it as divine punishment

Results

• ⅓ of Europe’s population died 

  • Increased religious fervor (strength of your belief)

    • But many priests and religious died serving the victims

  • Arts focused more on death 

Economic Impact

• Prices rose

• Farmland turned to pasture

  • Peasants had to turn to cities, harder to find jobs

    • Led to peasant revolts