Human Body and Microbial Science Vocabulary

Section B – Short Answer

Key Terms and Cavities

  • Cardiology: Study of the heart.
  • Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach.
  • Thoracic Cavity:
    • Lateral Boundary: Ribs.
    • Inferior Boundary: Diaphragm.
  • Planes:
    • Superior/Inferior Division: Transverse plane.
    • Equal Left/Right Division: Midsagittal plane.
  • Pelvic Cavity Organs: Bladder, Reproductive organs.

Microbial Science

  • Protozoa Movement: Pseudopodia.
  • Soil-Associated Diseases: Tetanus, Anthrax.
  • Viral Replication: Attachment, penetration, replication, assembly, release.
  • Biological Vector Example: Mosquitoes.

Skin and Body Temperature

  • Skin & Temperature:
    • Regulation of blood flow.
    • Sweating.

Bones and Joints

  • Joints:
    • Knee: Femur and Tibia.
    • Shoulder: Humerus and Scapula.
  • Vertebral Column Region: Cervical.
  • Bone Lateral to Ulna: Radius.
  • Freely Moveable Joint: Synovial joint (e.g., knee, shoulder).

Muscles and Reflexes

  • Muscle Actions:
    • Deltoid: Abduction of the arm.
    • Biceps Brachii: Flexion of the elbow.
  • Muscles for Movements:
    • Dorsiflexion of Foot: Tibialis anterior.
    • Extension of Leg at Knee: Quadriceps femoris.
  • Nervous Reflex Sequence: Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory Neurons → Motor Neurons → Effector → Response.

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

  • Nervous System:
    • Sympathetic: Fight or flight.
    • Parasympathetic: Rest and digest.
  • Hormones:
    • Female Sexual Characteristics: Estrogen.
    • Raises Blood Calcium: Parathyroid hormone.
  • Hormone Functions:
    • Insulin: Lowers blood glucose.
    • Epinephrine: Increases heart rate.

Heart and Immunity

  • Immunity:
    • Passive: Antibodies acquired from external source.
    • *Active: Antibodies produced by the body.
  • Lymphatic System: Returns fluid to the bloodstream, filters pathogens.

Blood and Respiration

  • Blood Components:
    • Red Blood Cells: Oxygen transport.
    • Platelets: Blood clotting.
  • Respiratory System Functions: Gas exchange, pH regulation, vocalization.
  • Inhalation Muscle: Diaphragm.
  • Structure Preventing Food Entry: Epiglottis.

Digestion

  • Salivary Glands: Salivary amylase, starch, maltose.
  • Stomach: Pepsin, protein, peptides.
  • Pancreas: Trypsin, peptides, amino acids.

Urinary and Reproductive Systems

  • Urinary System:
    • Urinary Bladder: Stores urine.
    • Renal Artery: Supplies blood to the kidney.
  • Male Reproductive System:
    • Prostate Gland: Secretes fluid for semen.
    • Vas Deferens: Transports sperm.
    • Sperm: Fertilizes egg.
    • Epididymis: Sperm maturation and storage.
  • Female Reproductive System:
    • Ovary: Produces eggs.
  • Standard Precautions: Hand hygiene, use of PPE.

Definitions and Gametogenesis

  • Fertilization: Fusion of sperm and egg.
  • Haploid: Having a single set of chromosomes.
  • Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size.
  • Gametogenesis:
    • Spermatogenesis: Formation of sperm.
    • Oogenesis: Formation of oocytes (eggs).