Human Body and Microbial Science Vocabulary

Section B – Short Answer

Key Terms and Cavities

• Cardiology: Study of the heart.
• Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach.
• Thoracic Cavity:
  • Lateral Boundary: Ribs.
  • Inferior Boundary: Diaphragm.
• Planes:
  • Superior/Inferior Division: Transverse plane.
  • Equal Left/Right Division: Midsagittal plane.
• Pelvic Cavity Organs: Bladder, Reproductive organs.

Microbial Science

• Protozoa Movement: Pseudopodia.
• Soil-Associated Diseases: Tetanus, Anthrax.
• Viral Replication: Attachment, penetration, replication, assembly, release.
• Biological Vector Example: Mosquitoes.

Skin and Body Temperature

• Skin & Temperature:
  • Regulation of blood flow.
  • Sweating.

Bones and Joints

• Joints:
  • Knee: Femur and Tibia.
  • Shoulder: Humerus and Scapula.
• Vertebral Column Region: Cervical.
• Bone Lateral to Ulna: Radius.
• Freely Moveable Joint: Synovial joint (e.g., knee, shoulder).

Muscles and Reflexes

• Muscle Actions:
  • Deltoid: Abduction of the arm.
  • Biceps Brachii: Flexion of the elbow.
• Muscles for Movements:
  • Dorsiflexion of Foot: Tibialis anterior.
  • Extension of Leg at Knee: Quadriceps femoris.
• Nervous Reflex Sequence: Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory Neurons → Motor Neurons → Effector → Response.

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

• Nervous System:
  • Sympathetic: Fight or flight.
  • Parasympathetic: Rest and digest.
• Hormones:
  • Female Sexual Characteristics: Estrogen.
  • Raises Blood Calcium: Parathyroid hormone.
• Hormone Functions:
  • Insulin: Lowers blood glucose.
  • Epinephrine: Increases heart rate.

Heart and Immunity

• Immunity:
  • Passive: Antibodies acquired from external source.
  • *Active: Antibodies produced by the body.
• Lymphatic System: Returns fluid to the bloodstream, filters pathogens.

Blood and Respiration

• Blood Components:
  • Red Blood Cells: Oxygen transport.
  • Platelets: Blood clotting.
• Respiratory System Functions: Gas exchange, pH regulation, vocalization.
• Inhalation Muscle: Diaphragm.
• Structure Preventing Food Entry: Epiglottis.

Digestion

• Salivary Glands: Salivary amylase, starch, maltose.
• Stomach: Pepsin, protein, peptides.
• Pancreas: Trypsin, peptides, amino acids.

Urinary and Reproductive Systems

• Urinary System:
  • Urinary Bladder: Stores urine.
  • Renal Artery: Supplies blood to the kidney.
• Male Reproductive System:
  • Prostate Gland: Secretes fluid for semen.
  • Vas Deferens: Transports sperm.
  • Sperm: Fertilizes egg.
  • Epididymis: Sperm maturation and storage.
• Female Reproductive System:
  • Ovary: Produces eggs.
• Standard Precautions: Hand hygiene, use of PPE.

Definitions and Gametogenesis

• Fertilization: Fusion of sperm and egg.
• Haploid: Having a single set of chromosomes.
• Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size.
• Gametogenesis:
  • Spermatogenesis: Formation of sperm.
  • Oogenesis: Formation of oocytes (eggs).