Period Three Part 1 Test Study Guide

Proclamation of 1763

Caused by Britain not wanting colonies to conflict with Indians after French and Indian War * Law passed by England * Prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains * Try to prevent hostilities between Indians and colonists * Not well received by colonists * Led to Pontiac’s Rebellion and colonial resentment and failure to comply due to the fact that this was an attempt to control them

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Caused by the Proclamation of 1763 * The first major test of the Proclamation of 1763 * Chief Pontiac led a major attack against colonial settlements on the western frontier * Instead of allowing the colonists to deal with the situation, Britain sent troops over * Led to colonial resentment over not letting them fight

Role of Tax Collectors and Colonial Reaction to Taxes

Britain assigned the job of tax collecting to certain individuals * Reactions became violent around the time of the Stamp Act * In Massachusetts, rioters ransacked the home of the newly appointed stamp commissioner, Andrew Oliver * He resigned the position the next day * People would throw bricks at tax collectors and use tar and feathers

Tar and Feathers

A person was shaved, hot tar was poured on them, then they were covered in feathers * John Malcolm, a loyalist, was tarred and feathered 2 times * First time for seizing a ship for not having a register * Second time for striking Robert Hewes on the head

Sugar Act

Passed to stop the Triangular Trade and the making of rum as well as to raise money for war debt and protection * Passed in 1764 * Placed a tax on imported goods such as sugar, coffee, and wines * Colonial action * Protest “No taxation without representation” * Want a place in Parliament * Result: Boston experimented with boycotts

Stamp Act

Passed to pay for war debt and military protection * Passed in 1765 * All legal documents including newspapers, diplomas, decks of cards, dice, almanacs, etc. had to have a stamp * Stamps ranged in price from 2 pence to 6 pounds * Law managed to offend editors, lawyers, students, gamblers, etc. * Effect * “No taxation without representation” was chanted * Colonists are protesting because they dislike virtual representation and are demanding direct reprsentation * The law produced a rebellious nature in the American colonies * Colonists began to protest, demonstrate and riot as a result of the stamp and sugar acts * Colonists used crowd politics - Led by Sons of Liberty (Samuel Adams) * Act is repealed

Declaratory Act

Passed after the repeal of the Stamp Act to show that Britain was not lenient * 1766 * Asserted that Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever” * Most colonists ignored this act * Would soon lead to renewed conflict between the colonists and the British government

Tea Act

Passed to help save the faltering East India Company * 1773 * Made the price of East India tea, even with tax included, cheaper than that of smuggled Dutch tea * Many Americans refused to buy the cheaper tea because to do so would recognize Parliament’s right to tax the colonies * Colonial reaction is one of rebellion * Led to the Boston Tea Party * Sons of Liberty dress as Native Americans, board 3 ships, and dump 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor

Townshend Act

Cause * Charles Townshend is appointed by William Pitt as the Chief Financial Minister of England when he falls ill * To pay for the cost of governing American colonies * Paid for governors and judges * Imposed light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea * Indirect tax: tax included in price of good * Effect * Sons of Liberty - Crowd politics (protests, riots, etc.) * When protesting does not get the Townshend Acts repealed then the Daughters of Liberty join in and practice non-consumption (boycott) * Boston Massacre (indirect)

Daughters of Liberty

A group of political dissidents that formed during the early days of the American Revolution * Created in response to unfair British taxation in the colonies during the American Revolution, particularly the Townshend Acts * First began showing up in the press around 1766 * Organized and participated in boycotts and helped manufacture goods when non-importation agreements caused shortages

Nonconsumption

The failure or refusal to consume something; a boycott * Practiced by the Daughters of Liberty during the Towshend Acts

Boston Massacre

Cause * Britain upset with the colonists and their protesting over the Townshend Acts — so Britain sent troops to Boston to help keep the peace * The colonists do not want the British troops in Boston — so the situation between the colonists and British soldiers become very tense * March 5, 1770 * British soldiers and colonists confront each other in Boston * Sodiers competing with colonists for jobs in Boston (rope walk) * Soldier gets job, thinks he’s too good for cleaning, and colonist gets mad * Make wandering night groups * Colonists find a sentry at night and call him names * 7 British soldiers called by Captain Preston * Crowd has grown to 700 and start throwing snowballs with rocks, have ladles and sticks * Town bell rings for a fire * Crowd yells fire and soldiers think captain yells fire * Engraving by Paul Revere * Effects * Result 5 Americans were killed “Boston Massacre” (first is Mulatto) * Captain is tried and acquitted * The trial results in the Impartial Administration Act

Intolerable Acts

Boston Port Act * Caused by the Boston Tea Party in response to the Tea Act * Closes the port of Boston until the tea that was dumped can be paid for * Impartial Administration Act * Caused by the trial of Captain Preston at the Boston Massacre * Said British officials accused of a crime had to be tried somewhere other than the colonies * Quartering Act * Passed in response to increased military costs * Said British troops were to be quartered whenever they are needed, even in private homes * Massachusetts Government Act * Caused by the Boston Tea Party in response to the Tea Act * Reduced the power of the Massachusetts colonial assembly and local town meetings * Result: boycott and convening first Continental Congress

Lexington and Concord

Attempt by Britain to capture colonial leaders and war supplies to prevent the possibility of a successful colonial revolt * April 1775 * First shots of the American Revolution * “Shot heard round the world” * The militia of Lexington is assembled but is forced to retreat with 8 casualties * When the British are marching back to Boston after fighting at Concord, they are attacked by hundreds of militiamen and suffer 250 casualties * Started the Revolutionary War

General Gage

Appointed Commander-in-Chief of all forces in North America in 1763 following the French and Indian War * Later appointed as the Royal Governor of Massachusetts in 1774 * Created tensions between the colonies and Britain through the enforcement of taxes * Ordered the advance on Lexington and Concord * Later recalled by Parliament in 1775 after Bunker Hill

Role of Women in the Revolution

Both prior to and during the war, groups of women such as the Daughters of Liberty organized to oppose British actions * Before the war, they took direct action by boycotting British goods * During the war, they provided supplies to the fighting forces * Some women followed men into the armed camps and worked as cooks and nurses * Sometimes, women fought in battle: * Mary McCauley (also known as Molly Pitcher) took her husband’s place at the Battle of Monmouth * Deborah Sampson passed as a man and served as a soldier for a year * Female Loyalists also provided support to colonial and British troops * While fathers, husbands, and sons were away fighting, women ran family farms and businesses * Republican Motherhood - the new role called for educating women so that in the home they could teach their children the values of the new republic and their roles as citizens * Gave women a more active role in shaping the new nation’s political life * Carried out in the home, not in public * Did not imply equality with men

Declaration of Independence

Cause: fighting was already going on (Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill) and the Olive Branch Petition which called for peace was rejected * Written while 2nd Continental Congress was meeting * July 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution declaring the colonies to be independent * 5 delegates (Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Ben Franklin, Sherman and Livingston) were given the job of writing a Declaration of Independence ---Delegates gave the job of writing the Declaration to Jefferson * Modeled after Richard Henry Lee’s Declaration of Rights * Listed grievances colonists had against King George III * Expressed Justification for a Revolution * Ended with a Declaration of Independence * Result: the American Revolution

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Passed by Congress under the Articles of Confederation * Established the northwest territory * Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin * Provided for division into several territories and established a process by which territories can apply for statehood * In order to apply to become a state, a territory must have 60,000 inhabitants * Slavery was forbidden in all new territories

Excise Tax and the Whiskey Rebellion

1794 * Excise passed by Alexander Hamilton * Wanted to make up the revenue lost because tariffs were lower than he wanted * Persuaded Congress to pass excise taxes, particularly on the sale of whiskey * In western Pennsylvania, a group of farmers refused to pay the federal tax on whiskey * Posed a major challenge to the viability of the U.S. government under the Constitution * The rebelling farmers could not afford to pay a tax on the whiskey that they distilled from surplus corn * Rather than pay the tax, they defended their “liberties” by attacking the revenue collectors * Washington responded to this crisis by federalizing 15,000 state militia, placing them under the command of Alexander Hamilton * The Whiskey Rebellion collapsed with almost no bloodshed and the federal government solidified its authority * Some condemned this as an unwarranted use of force against the common people (Thomas Jefferson)