History Final

Rome

Democracy : citizens vote on laws and elected officials. Tribunes who could stop government actions if they hurt the common people. Monarchy: two elected leaders with strict limit. They ran the army and government for one year but could veto each other. Aristocracy: wealthy elders who ruled for life. didnt make laws but controlled money and foreign policy. Patrician: eilte who owned land with ancestors of roman senators. monopoly on political or religious positions. Plebeian: common citizens who had little power. The twelve tables were created so the common people who not be taken advantage of by the patricians. since there was no written law, elites would lie about roman laws for their own benefit. This displayed all laws in the forum and made equal laws for everyone. Punic wars were against the roman republic and carthage empire due to conrtol of sicily, expansion of carthage, carthage breaking the treaty which made roman fear their attack. These wars caused carthage to be burned down fully by Rome with citizens enslaved, rome gained all control of the Med Sea. Julius Cesar caused a civil war that led to the end of democracy/repbulic with a dictaor instead, 365 calendar, land given to veterans, no citizen debts, expanding citizenship, and conquered Gual/ invaded Britian. Augustus (Octavian) ruled during the Pax Romana which was a period of peace that brought trade, one currency, and advanced technology with roads. The purpose of the colosseum was free entertainment to keep Romans content with no riots, mass executions of criminals, and to ensure the public was seperated by social class.

India and Han Dynasty

Changdragupta founded the Mauryan dynasty by conquering India and defeating the Greeks. Kautilya made a centralized bureauracy and spy networks in the Mauryan dynasty. Asoka expanded the empire, converted the empire to Buddhism with no violence in the Mauryan dynasty. The Mauryan dystnaty fell and India experienced years of invasion. Five hundred years later, the Gupta dynasty arose in Northern India. Theravade Buddhism was traditional Buddhism. Mahayana Buddhism stated that new buddhist concepts with englightenment of many people. Bodhisattva was someone who delayed their nivrana to save others and this was the goal in mahayan buddhism. The silk road was a trade netwrok that connected china/west as India was in the middle, provided them with advanced technology and universities with the global spread of buddhism. Harvesting raw silk was a secret in China because silk was their main trading good for their economy. Civil service test confucian ideas to show government officals knew confucionism which created a stable government that unified chinese culture and social mobility. Agriculture was valued because it was the main tax revenue that fed the population, farmers were on the top of the social ladder. Empress Lu stabiliszed the Han dynasty by executing rebels and maintaing agriculture. Emperor Wudi made china a major empire for conufciansims with salt and iron monopolies, siezing land in korea and vietnam while opening the silk road.

Africa

Rainforests had dense vegetation and tsetse flys which prevented livestock farming and habits for civilzation. Deserts included the Sahara and Kalahri as they were uninhabitable and natural barriers. Sahel was the egde of the Sahara which was habitable but very dry. Savanna was habitable with grassy plains that the majority of the population lived on. The socities began as hunter gathers and then tranisitoned into settled agricultural civilzations with pasroralists. Early societies included griots were oral storytellers that were organized into clans that were centered around extended family. Push factors drive people away from an area and pull factors invite people to an area. The Bantu migrated and we know from the spread of their Bantu language. The Assyrians conquered Egypt and teh Kushites fled to Meroe. Later, the Kushites were conquered by the kingdom of Aksum. Aduis was Aksum’s main seaport of the Red Sea which was a hub for trade. Ezana was the king of Aksum that converted civilzation to Christinaity.

Islam

Hijrah was Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina. This marks the beginning og the Islamic calendar and the unification of the Muslim community. The five pillars describe faith (one god and muhammad is his messenger), prayer (five times a day facing mecca), alms (giving to the poor), fasting (month of Ramadan), and pilgramiage (the trip to mecca once in a lifetime). After Muhammad’s death the rightly guided caliphs led the Muslims. They used Muhammads example and the religious teachings found in the Qu’ran. The Umayyads moved the capital to Damascus which was problematic because of abandoing simple lifestyle of caliphs which lead to a split in religion. Sunni believed that any capable Muslim can lead if they follow in Muhammad’s example. Shi’a believed the direct descendants of Muhammad can only be the leader. Sufi believed in a connection to God through poverty and devotion. Muslims were tolerant and allowed Jews and Christians to pratice their faith if they paid a tax. Arabesque was art with complex geometric patterns and Muslims liked this because they believed painting living things was false worship. The House of Wisdom was a library/research center in Baghdad that preserved Greek and Roman knowledge in math and science.

Chin Mongols and Japan

The founder of the Sui Dynasty was Wendi who built the great canal which linked northern and southern china and provided economic foundation. Wu Zhao was the only woman to be emperor in China and she maintained power in a patriarchal society. The Civil Service Test created a meritocarcy where jobs were based on talent and eductaion instead of birth and heritage. The upper class was called the gentry. Foot binding declined women’s status if they did not receieve teh treatement but ones who did could barely walk and not run. Some inventions during the Tang and Song period included gunpowder, movable type, magentic compass, paper money, procelain, and mechaincal clock. The Mongols used physchological warfare with horses and armies in groups, Genghis Khan was a trader that told stories of Yuan Dynasty that sparked interest in Asian riches. Kublia Khan failed to conquer apan twice due to Kamikaze or winds that ruined his army and his plans. Marco Polo was a traveler in Kublia Khan’s court for 17 years, his book introduced advanced culture, technology, and wealth into China which inspired European Age of Exploration. Shinotoism was Japan’s religion of worship of nature spirits (kami) which emphasize purity and respect for nature. Budshido is the ethical code followed by Samurai that emphasizes honor, bravery, and loyalty for one’s lord. Samurai are warriors that served japense ladnowners. Feudalism is the social and poltical system where local lords held land in exchange for military service from the Samurai and peasants worked on land for protection.Yamato Clan was the leading clan with descent from sun goddess and they cerated the imperial family. Prince Shotoku was a regent that brought chinese influence to Japan and spread Buddhism.Shoguns were military disctatrs that had loyal landowing lords and samurai armies. Kublia Khan failed to conquer Japan because the Mongols attempted to invade twice but were destoryed by typhoons or kamikaze. Korea influenced China with government (confucain government and civil service exam), religion of Buddhism, and writing with chinese letters and characters. The Mongols impacted Korea by trying to invade and forcing a heavy tribute, korea was brought into golbal trade network of cultural diffusion. Angkor Wat was a tempple complex that was the largest in the world and was dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. Temple of Borobudur was a Buddhist momument with a pyramid structure with many statues of Buddha and relief panels. Hinduism and Buddhism influenced the cultures of Southeast Asia.

Maya Aztec and Inca

Maya were on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico and Central America. Aztec were in the Valley of Mexico in Central Mexico. Inca were on the Andes Mountains in South America. Mita were labor tax in the Inca where citizens worked for the state. Allyu was the basic social unit of the Inca where an extended family worked together. Pachacui expanded the Inca empire with diplomacy and military force as well as built the land of the four quaters. Montezuma II weakend the Aztec due to demands of tributes/sacrafices which led to rebellion and conquests of the Spanish. Maya studied astronomy to create calendar for rituals and farming. The Aztec built the Tenochtilan an island city, Chinampast the floating gardens, worshipped the sun, and had structural society based on war. The Inca used socialism where the government controlled all economic activity and cared for the poor but requiered labor.