Power: The ability to influence or control people and events.

Hard Power: Using military or economic force to influence others.

Soft Power: Influencing others through culture, values, or diplomacy.

Smart Power: Combining hard and soft power strategies.

Structural Power: Power built into systems and institutions that shape outcomes indirectly.

Resource Power: Influence based on control over valuable resources.

Relational Power: Power from the relationships between states or individuals.

Cyberpower: Power in cyberspace, involving control over information and digital systems.

Structural Violence: Harm caused by social structures that prevent people from meeting basic needs.

Sovereignty: A state's full control over its own affairs without external interference.

Popular Sovereignty: The idea that government power comes from the people.

Self-Determination: The right of a group to decide its own political future.

Internal Sovereignty: Control within a state's own borders.

External Sovereignty: Recognition of a state's independence by other countries.

Supranationality: Authority shared above the national level, as in the EU.

Transnationalism: Activity and influence that cross national borders.

Legitimacy: The accepted right to govern or exercise authority.

Input/Process Legitimacy: Legitimacy from fair and transparent decision-making processes.

Output/Performance Legitimacy: Legitimacy from effective policies and results.

Top-Down Legitimacy: Legitimacy granted from leaders or institutions.

Bottom-Up Legitimacy: Legitimacy coming from public or grassroots support.

Non-State Actors: Organizations or groups that are not tied to any government but influence international affairs.

Interdependence: Mutual reliance between states or entities, often economically.

Global Governance: Systems managing global issues and interactions through international institutions.

Globalization: Growing worldwide interconnectedness through trade, culture, and politics.

United Nations: An international organization promoting peace and cooperation.

Collective Security: States working together to address threats to peace and security.

Strategic Alliances (Economic): Countries forming partnerships for mutual economic benefits.