UTS 002
MODULE 1 - SELF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY
• Philosophy
o A discipline that questions existence, identity, and meaning, offers profound insights
into the nature of self.
• Socrates
o “The unexamined life is not worth living," – means that a life lacking self-reflection is
meaningless.
o "Know thyself" – knowing others is wisdom. Knowing the self is enlightenment.
• Plato
o Believes in a dualistic perspective: immaterial mind (soul) and a material body.
o He divides the soul into three distinct parts: reason, appetite, and will.
• Aristotle
o Believes in a harmonious integration of self: the soul and body.
o Advocates for ‘eudaimonia’
• St. Augustine
o He viewed the self as flawed – due to the original sin of Adam and Eve.
o He emphasized the importance of faith, humility, and moral transformation in
understanding the self.
• René Descartes
o "I think, therefore I am" – highlighting the primacy of consciousness in defining the
self.
MODULE 2 - SELF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY
• Sociological Perspective
o A way of viewing the social world that emphasizes how groups and social interaction,
rather than just individual traits, shape human behavior, attitudes, and life chances.
• Feral Children
o A child who has lived isolated from human contact from a young age.
• Looking Glass Self
o Proposed by Charles Herbert Cooley
o It explores how our self-concept is influenced by our perceptions of how others see us.
MODULE 3 - SELF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
• Anthropological Perspective
o Holistic and comparative way of understanding human diversity by examining culture,
biology, history, and language in an interconnected way.
• Five Social Institutions
o Family – the basic unit of society that shapes individuals and forms the foundation of
social life.
o Education – teaches academic skills, cultural norms, and prepares youth for societal
roles.
o Religion – explains life’s mysteries and provides moral and spiritual guidance.
o Government – creates and enforces laws while managing relations with other societies.
o Economy – manages production and distribution of goods and services to meet societal
needs.
• Three terms in acquiring a culture
o Enculturation – learning your own culture.
o Acculturation – learning and adapting to a new culture while still keeping parts
of the original culture.
o Assimilation – fully adopts the culture of another group, often losing
their original culture in the process.
MODULE 4 - SELF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY BY GEORGE HERBERT
MEAD
• Mead's Theory of Social Behaviorism – emphasizes the importance of social interaction in
the development of the self.
o Symbolic Interactionism – self-development occurs through the interpretation of
symbols, language, gestures, and norms.
o Role-taking – ability to understand and adopt others’ perspectives.
o “I” – spontaneous and impulsive individual aspect.
o “Me” – socialized aspect shaped by society’s norms and expectations.
MODULE 5 - SELF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY: HUMANISTIC
PSYCHOLOGY
• Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) – people learn through thinking, doing, and
interacting with their environment.
o Self-Efficacy – it is believing in your ability to do something.
o Outcome Expectation – it is thinking about what will happen if you do something.
• Bandura’s Concept of Self (Self-system) – involves how individuals view, evaluate, and
control their own actions.
• Self-reflective Capability – involves thinking about one's thoughts and actions.
• Collective Efficacy – it is about the belief in a group's ability to work together to achieve shared
goals.