alliteration

Repetition of the first consonant sound

Greedy gladiators

allusion

Reference to a familiar thing

In Charlie Brown…

assonance

Repetition of internal vowel sounds

I made my way through the neighborhood to the lake.

hyperbole

An overexaduration 

My shoes are killing me.

imagery

Uses figurative language to create sensory or emotional images in the reader’s mind.

The bright green grass in the morning dew…

irony

When people expect something but something else happens:

• Dramatic- You know but the character doesn’t know 

• Situational- When the opposite happens than expected

• Verbal- Sarcasm

The fire station burned on fire. (Situational)

metaphor

Comparing two or more things without using the words like or as.

I’m on fire.

onomatopoeia

A sound

Whoosh!

parallelism

Combine verbs to make them each equally effective

We wanted to cook and swim. (Not: We wanted to cook and to go swimming)

paradox

A sentence that contradicts itself.

Everything I say is a lie.

personification

Giving human-like traits to a non-human object

The trees danced in the wind.

repetition

Repeating something

If you aren’t fired with enthusiasm, you’ll be fired with enthusiasm.

simile

Comparing two or more things using “like” or “as”.

He was as fast as a Cheetah!

chorus

A group of people on stage who comment on affairs as a collective voice.

Oedipus’ chorus

deity

A god who is worthy of worship.

Venus

Epic hero 

The epic hero is a protagonist with impressive superhuman capabilities who completes awe-inspiring deeds such as taking on a battle with superhuman foes.

Achilles

Epic poetry

Any poem with an epic hero that contains dactylic hexameter.

The Odyssey

Homeric Simile/Epic Simile

Like a simile, but more detailed

Just as a swarm of bees pours out of a hollow rock, in endless clusters seething over the first spring blooms, so the many armed platoons from the ships and tents came marching on.

hubris

pride

Believing he was invincible, his hubris led him to take unnecessary risks that ultimately caused his downfall.

muse

Inspiration to a writer/poet.

Sing to me of the man, Muse, the man of twists and turns

driven time and again off course, once he had plundered

the hallowed heights of Troy

Founders

Geographic Features

Political Organization

Religion

Arts/ Sciences

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Shang

Cheng Tang

City-State Monarchy, Vassal States, Ancestral Worship

Worship of ancestors

Bronze Casting, Jade, Pottery 

Corruption led to the Zhou taking over

Zhou

King Wu

Mandate of Heaven, feudalistic

Beginning of philosophical schools

Literature, Architecture, Daoism/Confucianism

Feudal Lords became too powerful

Qin

Yin Zheng

First unified imperial government, emperor had total authority, powerful bureaucracy

legalist

Terracotta Army, Great Wall of China

Legalist policies were too harsh, and too much oppression.

Han

Liu Bang

Wudi

Bureaucracy, civil service examination system. Moral Confucianism

Confucianism

Silk, Painting, Sculpture, Papermaking

Peasant revolts and decentralization

Class/Group

Shang

Zhou

Qin

Han

Ruler

King

King (Mandate of Heaven)

Emperor (absolute power)

Emperor (Mandate of Heaven)

Nobles

Regional rulers

Feudal lords

Reduced power

Limited but respected

Officials

Priests

Philosophers, advisors

Loyal appointees

Confucian scholars

Farmers

Common majority

Tenant farmers

Heavily taxed producers

Respected but burdened

Artisans

Bronze workers

Bronze, weapon makers

State-controlled artisans

Silk and luxury goods makers

Merchants

Few and low status

Low status

State-regulated

Growing wealth, low status

Slaves

Significant class

Declining role

Forced labor prevalent

Minimal role

Founders

Geographic Features

Political Organization

Religion

Arts/ Sciences

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Byzantine

Constantine

Church and state

Christianity

Greek Fire

Ottoman Conquest

Mohenjo Daro

Indus Valley Civilization

City State?

Oligarchy?

Bureaucracy?

Nature

Plumbing

Drought

Harappa

Indus Valley Civilization

City State?

Oligarchy?

Bureaucracy?

Nature

Plumbing

Drought

Maurya

Chandragupta Maurya

Centralized Monarchy,

Arthashastra- A book on economic policies, military strategies.

Hinduism 

(Jainism)

Ashoka was Buddhist

Medicine

Astronomy

Math

Engineering

Metallurgy

Agriculture

Weak Successors of Ashoka

Gupta India

Chandragupta I

Decentralized, social groups and trade guilds

Hinduism, Religious Tolerant

Medicine, Decimal System, Iron pillars of Delhi

Huns Invasion, too much fragmentation

Delhi Sultanate

Qutb-ud-din Aibak

Monarchy, supreme power to sultan

Leaders were Muslim, ppl were Hindu

Maps, mechanical devices, and Madrasas - Higher learning institute

Turkic Conquerors, Internal conflict

Mesopotamia

Sumerians

City-state 

polytheistic

Wheel, irrigation, urban planning

Reduced rainfalls and droughts

Egypt

Menes

Theocratic Monarchy

polytheistic

calendar

Loss of military power and Natural resources

Persia

Cyrus the Great

Absolute monarchy

Zoroastrianism

Algebra,  Taxes

Alexander the Great Conquered Persia

Umayyad

Muʿāwiyah I

Monarchy, Sunni* Muslims

Islam

Dome of the Rock

Corruption among the royal family, Abbasid took over.

Abbasid

al-Manṣūr

Monarchy

Islam (Sunni)

Camera, soap, watches, cologne

Mongol Invasion

Athens

Cecrops

Direct Democracy

polytheistic

Democracy, Philosophy

Peloponnesian War(Athens vs. Sparta)

Sparta

Lacedaemon(son of Zeus)

Democracy

polytheistic

Encryption/Military

War against Thebes, Battle of Leuctra

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great

Democracy but King

polytheistic

Military Tech

ATG army took over, he dies lol

Roman Republic

Lucius Junius Brutus

Representative Democracy

polytheistic

Aqueducts, concrete, architecture

Weakening of the Senate, 

Roman Empire

Octavian

Autocracy

Christianity

Roman Roads

Corruption and Invasion of Germanic Tribes

Mali

Sundiata Keita

Mansa had total power

Islam

Trading

Internal conflicts and from neighboring states

Ghana

Soninke people

Feudal 

Islam

Currency

Drought and civil wars

Songhai

Sonni Ali Ber

Feudal

Islam

Postal System, Universities

Surprise Invasion from Moroccan Army

Axum

King Solomon, Queen of Sheba

federation

Ethiopian Christianity

Ethiopian Christianity

Heavy rains caused degradation of fertile soil

Zimbabwe

Mapungubwe

Monarchy

Shona

Decline in trade, Political instability

Olmec

[just appeared out of thin air]

Centralized Monarchy

polytheistic

Environment??

Neolithic revolution

First Agricultural Revolution; population growth increased because ppl figured out how to farm. M

bantu

An indigenous peoples who introduced agriculture into Africa.

Black death

A bubonic plague pandemic in the 14th century that wiped out 50% of Europe’s population.

hammurabi

6th King of the Babylonian empire; made Code of Hammurabi (Babylon’s legal code)

hebrews

Indigenous people of Israel.

monotheism

Belief to only one god.

Cuneiform

A system of writing in the ancient Middle East. From Sumeria(Mesopotamia).

Shi Huangdi

Founder of the Qin Dynasty; First emperor of China.

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese political ideology where Heaven picks a ruler, and when they lost power, they also lost this. When heaven gives a natural disaster such as a flood, it shows that they disapprove of this ruler, and peasant revolts usually erupted.

Chinese Dynastic cycle

1. Foundation: A new dynasty is established, often after overthrowing the previous one, claiming the Mandate of Heaven.

2. Prosperity: The dynasty experiences stability, economic growth, and social harmony, implementing beneficial policies.

3. Decline: Corruption and inefficiency arise, leading to increased taxation and social unrest.

4. Crisis: Natural disasters, famines, or revolts challenge the dynasty's authority, revealing its weaknesses.

5. Overthrow: Grievances culminate in revolts or invasions, leading to the dynasty's fall and the rise of a new one.

Confucianism

A system of ethical philosophy. Confucianism believes in living a life where you do unto others what you would want done to you. 

Crusades

The Crusades were a series of military campaigns organised by popes and Christian western powers to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land back from Muslim control and then defend those gains.

Legalism

Strictness to the law.

Daoism

A religion/philosophical idea where people show support to magic and nature. Has Elements of suffering in it.

Ancestor Worship

Rituals to ancestors.

Hinduism

A polytheistic religion in India where people believe god made the universe. 

Hundred Years War

Armed conflicts between Great Britain and France where they fought over territory issues and succession to the french throne.

Caste System

Siddhartha Gautama

A hindu prince who went through the enlightenment and now has a religion about him.

Buddhism

The Buddha’s religion; Suffering is the center of life.

Ashoka

Third Ruler of the Mauryan dynasty who converted to Buddhism.

democracy

People have the power.

Augustus (Octavian)

Founder of the Roman Empire.

Julius Caesar

Former Emperor of the Roman Empire. Conquered Gaul of France and spread the Roman Empire.

Romanization

Assimilation into Roman Culture.

Jesus

Jewish teacher and preacher; founded Christianity

Justinian

Emperor of the Byzantine Empire and expanded it.

Christianity

One of the 3 Abrahamic religions; Jesus plays a big role; St. Paul Expanded it through missionary travels

Muhammad

Prophet of Islam; Considered himself a “messenger of Allah”. He conquered Mecca and Medina and recorded his revelations in the Qur’an.

Islam

Religion from Muhammad, main religion in the middle east.

Shia

The Caliph has to be a descendant of Muhammad.

Shi’ite

A follower of Shia muslims.

Sufi

A branch of muslims who believe in a personal connection to god.

Cultural borrowing

The act of borrowing elements from another culture and applying it to your own.

Name

Picture/Definition

Significance

Buddhist Statues

Important Features:

• Facial Expression

• Hand Gestures

• Relaxed Joints

• Perfect control of body and mind

• Monk Robe

  • God

• Elongated Earlobes

  • Symbol of elite status

  • Wisdom

• Ushnisha

  • Buddha has so much knowledge that the mind needed room to expand

• Short Hair

• Urna (Bindi)

  • Wisdom

Buddhist Stupas

Built to house the remains of the Buddha and his associates.

Byzantine Mosaics

Expresses religion through Christian iconography.

Islamic Mosaics

Shows an expression of faith.

Discus Thrower

Frozen and about to throw a disk:

• Very Muscular

• Not the ideal form for throwing disks

  • Proves that Greek statues show the idealized form of the human body

Dome

Allowed for Natural light to enter buildings without the need for structural supports. Invented by Romans.

Egyptian Pyramids

Tombs for pharaohs and connect them with the gods and the living.

Grand Mosque at Mecca

Home of the Kaaba, where people come for their hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca, 5th pillar of Islam).

Great Wall of China

Built during the Qin Dynasty to protect against barbaric northern invaders.

Great Zimbabwe

Capital of the Kingdom Zimbabwe, Unique Stone Construction,Trade Hub, Symbol of Cultural Heritage of Shona people, Archaeologically significant.

Gregorian Chants

Chants that monks and nuns sing in monasteries.

Chants that monks and nuns sing in monasteries.

Hagia Sophia

Was the largest cathedral in Christendom, after the Ottoman conquered Constantinople, it became a mosque.

Hindu Temples

Carvings of god on the side, symmetrical, tall towers, exact style varies by region.

Islamic Calligraphy

Islamic writings can be written on the side of Mosques.

Islamic Call to Prayer

Called to prayer administered in the mosque by skilled servants to signal time for prayer (5 thin times per day).

Called to prayer administered in the mosque by skilled servants to signal time for prayer (5 times per day).

Minaret

Tall towers in mosques, projects the call to prayer.

Mosque

Place of worship for Muslims, contains elements of Islamic Architecture.

Olmec Heads

They depict local rulers or people.

Parthenon

A temple that was devoted to the Goddess Athena, god of wisdom and warfare.

Pillars of Ashoka

Symbolizes the acceptance and physical evidence of the Buddhist faith.

Roman Architecture

Lots of Domes, Arches, And “heavy” feeling. Common in Romanesque cathedrals. (Gothic were more open with windows and slightly lighter)

Terracotta Soldiers

Tomb of China’s first emperor (Qin), Shu Huangdi, “afterlife guards”.

Ziggurat

A temple in ancient Mesopotamia that allowed people to connect with the gods.

Catharsis

A feeling of tragedy.

Chorus

Narrators who interpret actions and sometimes judge the characters.

Illiad

By Homer; Depicts events during the Trojan War, focuses on the conflict between King Agamemnon and Warrior Achilles.

Tragedy Characteristics

• In media res-begins in the middle of conflict/action

• Chorus

• Tragic Hero- falls down in the social ladder and doesn’t die

• Catharsis

• Deus ex Machina- Godly intervention

• Usually a few actors

• masks

Epic

An epic hero goes on a quest.

Gilgamesh

Bad king, god make Enkidu, Gilgamesh sides with Enkidu, finds out he isn’t immortal, becomes a better king.

Oedipus

Sophocles: Oedipus killed his father but didn’t know he was his father.

Sundiata

An epic poem that tells the story of Sundiata Keita, founder of the Mali empire, and a hero of the Malinke people.

Rumi Poetry

A Sufi and Persian poet; Shows humans longing connections with the divine, celebration of love, imagery, wisdom, rhythm, and inspiration from Sufism.

Main Beliefs

Holy Cities

Similarities

Differences

Aristotle

Scientific Method

Studied in Athens as Plato’s student

Opposite of Socrates

Buddhism

Suffering is the center of life

Lumbini

Hinduism

Christianity

Christianity

Jesus is the son of god

Jerusalem

Islam, Judaism

Hinduism

Confucianism

Moral way of enforcing the law

China

Hinduism

Daoism

Legalism

Daoism

Believed in nature and magic, pure mind (yin and yang)

Mountains in China

Buddhism

Christianity

Hinduism

God created the universe; polytheistic

Lanka, Gopal, Madurai

Buddhism

Daoism

Judaism

Islam

Muhammad was a messenger of Allah

Mecca, Medina

Judaism

Christianity

Daoism

Judaism

Torah is the written moral law.

Jerusalem

Islam, Christianity

Hinduism

Legalism

Strict Laws

China

Islam

Confucianism

Plato

• The key to a good society is one led by a philosopher king.

• Allegory of the Cave- Perception vs. Reality.

Academy in Athens

Socrates

• Gadfly of Athens

• Learning through Questioning 

• Taught Plato

Zoroastrianism

Free will; monotheistic; heaven or hell:

• Ahura Mazda = Good

• Angra (angry) Mainyu = bad

Persia

Confucianism

Christianity

Legalism

Description of Humanities

Types of Art

Purposes of Art

Stuff borrowed by other civs.

Byzantine

Christianity influenced

Mosaics

Decoration, displays religious iconography

Roman Stuff

Egypt

Pyramids

Architecture

Tomb of Pharaohs

Islam calligraphy

China

Jade Carvings with Chinese symbols like Dragons

Carvings

“Protective Qualities”

Not much

Greek

Idealized versions of the human body

Statues

Decoration 

Realism

Persia

Paintings influenced by Islam, Hindus, and a little bit of China

Paintings

Decoration

Styles of clothing

Rome

Realism

Statues (Busts)

Decoration

Columns from Greece

Islam

Mosques

Architecture

Place of worship

Domes from Rome, Columns from Greece