Study Guide for Exam 2: HTH100
Instructor Contact Information
For questions, students can reach out to their TAs:
Lila: powerseo@dukes.jmu.edu, 8:00am
Annika: Lyngdaas@dukes.jmu.edu, 11:10am
Short Answer Questions
A section is dedicated to detailing the short-term effects and examples of different drug categories, including:
Stimulants: Short-term effects include increased energy, alertness, and focus. Example: Cocaine.
Hallucinogens: Short-term effects can involve altered perceptions and sensations. Example: LSD.
Cannabis: Short-term effects often include relaxation, altered time perception, and increased appetite. Example: Marijuana.
Depressants: Short-term effects can result in sedation and decreased anxiety. Example: Alcohol.
Opioids: Short-term effects may include pain relief and euphoria. Example: Morphine.
Inhalants: Short-term effects often involve euphoria and dizziness. Example: Glue.
Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) Levels and Effects
BAC Level Effects Chart
0.30%+:
Effects: Mood swings, aggression.
Physical signs: Staggered gait, impaired balance, slurred speech.
0.01 - 0.05%:
Effects: Emotional instability, exaggerated feelings and behaviors.
Cognitive impairments include impaired reasoning, judgment, and visual tracking.
0.15 - 0.30%:
Effects: Severe respiratory issues leading to respiratory arrest and death.
Multiple Choice Questions
Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected by opioid drugs?
A) Serotonin
B) Endorphins
C) Acetylcholine
D) GABA
What is a disease in which the liver is severely damaged?
A) Cirrhosis
B) Hepatitis A
C) Glomerulonephritis
D) Arthritis
A person needing increasing amounts of caffeine for alertness is experiencing:
A) Withdrawal
B) Intoxication
C) Tolerance
D) Overdose
Which factor leads to the HIGHEST blood alcohol content?
A) Drinking on a full stomach
B) Drinking water between alcoholic beverages
C) Drinking carbonated alcoholic beverages on an empty stomach
D) Drinking over a long period of time
The "100-proof" designation on alcohol means it contains:
A) 100% alcohol
B) 50% alcohol
C) 25% alcohol
D) 75% alcohol
Which is NOT a symptom of alcohol withdrawal?
A) Tremors
B) Increased appetite
C) Anxiety
D) Sweating
The fastest route of drug administration to the brain is:
A) Oral ingestion
B) Intramuscular injection
C) Inhalation
D) Transdermal patch
Which statement about marijuana is accurate?
A) THC is the non-psychoactive component
B) CBD is responsible for the "high"
C) Long-term use may affect memory and learning
D) It has no potential for psychological dependence
A standard drink contains approximately how much pure alcohol?
A) 0.6 ounces
B) 1.0 ounce
C) 1.5 ounces
D) 2.0 ounces
Which group has seen the largest increase in e-cigarette use?
A) Adults over 65
B) Middle-aged adults
C) Youth and young adults
D) Pregnant women
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder is characterized by:
A) Temporary effects that resolve after birth
B) Only physical abnormalities
C) Lifelong physical and cognitive impairments
D) Effects only if the mother drinks in the third trimester
Which medication can reverse an opioid overdose?
A) Methadone
B) Naloxone
C) Buprenorphine
D) Antabuse
The primary psychoactive ingredient in tobacco products is:
A) Tar
B) Carbon monoxide
C) Nicotine
D) Formaldehyde
Cross-tolerance occurs when:
A) Different drugs affect the same receptors
B) Tolerance to one drug creates tolerance to similar drugs
C) Two drugs cancel each other's effects
D) Drugs are taken at different times
Which is a protective factor against substance use disorders?
A) Early age of first use
B) Family history of addiction
C) Strong social support system
D) High stress environment
True or False Questions
False: Physical dependence always indicates addiction.
True: Typically, men metabolize alcohol at a faster rate than women.
False: Drinking coffee or taking a cold shower cannot speed up alcohol elimination from the system.
False: Not all hallucinogens are highly addictive and cause physical dependence.
False: Secondhand smoke exposure does have significant health risks for non-smokers.
True: Prescription opioids are regulated, making them less dangerous than illegal opioids.
True: Binge drinking is defined as 4 or more drinks for women and 5 or more for men in about 2 hours.
False: E-cigarettes are not completely safe; they still pose health risks.
False: The liver does not process alcohol faster if you’ve been drinking regularly for years.
False: Mixing stimulants and depressants can be dangerous; it does not make them safer.
True: Addiction involves changes in brain structure and function.
False: Most people using prescription pain medications properly do not develop an addiction.
True: Alcohol is classified as a central nervous system depressant.
True: Withdrawal from alcohol can be life-threatening in severe cases.
Short Answer Questions
Explain the relationship between tolerance, dependence, and addiction:
Tolerance occurs when a person requires more of a substance for the same effect due to repeated use, leading to increased consumption. Dependence arises when the body adapts to the substance, experiencing withdrawal symptoms when not used. Addiction is characterized by compulsive behavior and continued use despite negative consequences, often tied to changes in brain wiring and function.
Describe three specific ways that chronic alcohol use affects the brain:
Chronic alcohol use can lead to:
Memory impairments: Long-term memory and learning can be affected, sometimes leading to diseases like Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Cognitive decline: Changes in decision-making and problem-solving abilities, affecting everyday living.
Mood disorders: Associated with changes in neurotransmitter systems, chronic users may experience increased depression and anxiety symptoms.
Ways to support someone with alcohol addiction:
Provide emotional support and understanding.
Encourage professional treatment options, such as therapy or support groups.
Help create a sober environment free from triggers.
Scenario-Based Questions
Scenario 1: Sarah and Mike
Context: Sarah (21, 130 lbs, 25% body fat) and Mike (21, 180 lbs, 15% body fat) each drink 4 beers in 2 hours.
a) Who will likely have the higher BAC and why?: Mike willlikely have a higher BAC due to his lower body fat percentage, which indicates a higher lean body mass leading to a higher blood alcohol concentration (BAC).
b) Is either person legally safe to drive?: Likely neither is legally safe to drive given their consumption within 2 hours, as both would exceed the legal limit.
c) What other factors besides weight and body composition affect their BAC?: Factors include gender, rate of alcohol metabolism, food intake prior to drinking, and overall alcohol tolerance.
Scenario 2: Emma quitting vaping
Context: Emma, a 21-year-old, has vaped daily for 2 years and struggles with withdrawal symptoms.
a) What type of dependence is Emma experiencing?: Emma is experiencing psychological dependence, as evidenced by her cravings and irritability.
b) Three evidence-based strategies to help Emma quit:
Counseling or cognitive-behavioral therapy to address underlying triggers.
Use of FDA-approved cessation medications or alternatives.
Support groups or community forums for social support.
c) Why might Emma be at higher risk for traditional cigarette use?: Emma may be at higher risk due to habitual smoking behavior from vaping translating to an urge for nicotine intake through cigarettes.
Other Notes
Reflect on prior exam preparation techniques and consider methods to refine study tactics.
Suggestions include reviewing all related slideshows and taking comprehensive notes.
Active understanding of materials is crucial rather than passive reading.
Trust in your capabilities and prepare for success in the upcoming exam!