Untitled Flashcards Set

### Flashcards: Muscles and Lungs

#### Muscles: General

1. How many muscles does the human body have?

- Over 600 muscles.

2. What are the three types of muscles?

- Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle.

3. What happens during muscle contraction and relaxation?

- Contraction: Muscles squeeze (flex).

- Relaxation: Muscles return to a relaxed state.

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#### Cardiac Muscle

4. What is cardiac muscle?

- An involuntary muscle of the heart that makes it beat. Only found in the heart.

5. What controls cardiac muscle?

- The autonomic nervous system.

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#### Smooth Muscle

6. What is smooth muscle?

- Involuntary muscle found lining organs such as the stomach, walls of blood vessels, and esophagus.

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#### Skeletal Muscle

7. What is skeletal muscle?

- Voluntary muscle that makes the bones of the skeleton move.

8. What connects skeletal muscles to bones?

- Tendons.

9. What are antagonistic muscles?

- Pairs of muscles that work against each other to move a joint (e.g., biceps and triceps).

10. What is the function of flexors and extensors?

- Flexor: Contracts to bend a joint.

- Extensor: Contracts to straighten a joint.

11. How much energy is lost as heat during skeletal muscle contraction?

- 80%.

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#### Muscle Anatomy

12. What is a sarcolemma?

- A delicate sheath that surrounds muscle fibers.

13. What are myofilaments?

- Threads of contractile proteins within muscle fibers.

- Thin filaments: Made of actin.

- Thick filaments: Made of myosin.

14. What defines the length of a muscle fiber?

- Z lines that anchor the actin filaments.

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#### Muscle Function and Energy

15. What starts muscle contraction?

- A nerve impulse and the release of calcium.

16. What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

- Binds with troponin, freeing the myosin binding site.

17. What is required to reset myosin?

- ATP.

18. What causes muscle fatigue?

- Accumulation of lactic acid due to insufficient ATP supply.

19. What is creatine phosphate?

- A compound that helps regenerate ATP in muscle cells.

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#### Respiratory System

20. What is breathing?

- The exchange of air between the lungs and the environment.

21. What is respiration?

- All processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, including breathing, gas exchange, and cellular respiration.

22. What is the respiratory membrane?

- The site where oxygen and gases diffuse between the body and the environment.

23. What do tiny hairs in nasal cavities do?

- Filter, warm, and moisten incoming air.

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#### Lungs Anatomy

24. What is the trachea?

- The windpipe.

25. What are bronchi and bronchioles?

- Bronchi: Passages from the trachea to the lungs.

- Bronchioles: Smallest passageways in the respiratory system.

26. What are alveoli?

- Air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

27. What is the diaphragm?

- A muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and assists in breathing.

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#### Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

28. How is oxygen transported in the blood?

- By hemoglobin, forming oxyhemoglobin.

29. How is carbon dioxide transported?

- 9% in plasma, 27% as carbaminohemoglobin, 64% as carbonic acid.

30. What is carbonic anhydrase?

- An enzyme that speeds the conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid.

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#### Disorders and Feedback Mechanisms

31. What is bronchitis?

- Inflammation of the bronchial tubes due to infections or environmental irritants.

32. What is emphysema?

- A disorder where alveoli are overinflated.

33. What is asthma?

- A condition characterized by reversible narrowing of bronchial passages.

34. What is a negative feedback loop?

- A biological response that slows or stops a reaction.

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#### Myosin and Muscle Contraction

35. What determines muscle contraction speed?

- Isomers of myosin (Type I, IIa, IIx).

- Type I: Slow twitch (distance runners).

- Type IIa and IIx: Fast twitch.

36. What is the latent period?

- The pause between a nerve impulse and muscle contraction.

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#### Additions: Crucial Details

37. What do intercostal muscles do?

- Raise and lower the rib cage during breathing.

38. What do chemoreceptors detect?

- Low O2 levels, high CO2 levels, and increased H+ concentration.

39. What are the carotid and aortic bodies?

- Specialized receptors that detect low oxygen levels.

These flashcards cover all the material from your slides and additional crucial details for the test. Let me know if you’d like to revise or add anything!