Test_2_Review_Questions

Test 2 Review Questions

Question 1: Which of the following types of plants lacks vascular tissue?a. flowering plantsb. mossesc. grassesd. fernsAnswer: b. mosses - Mosses are non-vascular plants, meaning they do not have specialized structures (xylem and phloem) for transporting water and nutrients. This lack of vascular tissue limits their growth and habitat, primarily found in moist environments where water is readily available to support their needs for hydration and reproduction through water-dependent sperm movement.

Question 2: Identify seedless vascular plants.a. Bryophytesb. Angiospermsc. Gymnospermsd. FernsAnswer: d. Ferns - They belong to a group of plants known as pteridophytes, which reproduce via spores instead of seeds. Ferns have complex leaves known as fronds and possess vascular tissue, allowing for a more extensive range of habitats compared to their non-vascular relatives like mosses.

Question 3: The sporophyte generation of plants shows what ploidy level?A. 1nB. 2nC. 3nD. 4nAnswer: B. 2n - The sporophyte is diploid with two sets of chromosomes. In the life cycle of plants, the sporophyte generation typically develops from the fertilized egg and ultimately produces spores through meiosis, contributing to the haploid (1n) gametophyte generation in the alternation of generations.

Question 4: Why do bryophytes need to be very near water?A. they need it for reproductionB. they need it because they don’t have vascular tissueC. they need it because they would dry out and die otherwiseD. all of the aboveAnswer: D. all of the above - Bryophytes rely on water for multiple critical processes. During reproduction, sperm must swim to reach the eggs, necessitating a water source. Additionally, they lack vascular tissue, meaning they cannot transport water effectively from the soil, making proximity to water essential to prevent desiccation.

Question 5: Which of the following are further adaptations to life on land by gymnosperms?A. pollenB. seedsC. further reduction of gametophyteD. all of the aboveAnswer: D. all of the above - Gymnosperms have evolved several adaptations for terrestrial life:

• Pollen allows for fertilization without the need for standing water, as pollen grains can be transferred by wind or animals.

• Seeds protect the embryo from environmental stresses and provide a nutrient supply, increasing the likelihood of survival.

• Reduced gametophytes minimize dependence on water, enabling gymnosperms to thrive in a variety of terrestrial habitats.

Question 6: The bodies of most fungi are constructed of threadlike filaments called _____________.A. myceliaB. mushroomsC. lichenD. hyphaeAnswer: D. hyphae - Hyphae are the basic building blocks of a fungus, forming a network known as mycelium. This mycelial structure plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption and is vital for the decomposition of organic matter, thus playing a key role in ecosystem nutrient cycling.

Question 7: Name a commercial use for fungus. Name a commercial use of a gymnosperm.Answer: Fungi are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce antibiotics like penicillin, which has saved countless lives. Additionally, fungi are essential for producing various food products, such as bread, beer, and cheese, through fermentation processes. Gymnosperms are critical sources of timber and paper products due to the strength and durability of their wood, which is used in construction, furniture, and various paper goods.

Question 8: Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates?a. They all have a notochord.b. They all have a vertebral column.c. They all have an exoskeleton.d. They all exhibit radial symmetry.Answer: a. They all have a notochord - This embryonic structure is pivotal in the development of chordates and provides skeletal support during early development. In vertebrates, the notochord is typically replaced by the vertebral column (spine) in adulthood, while in other chordates, it may persist throughout life.

Question 9: __________ are the simplest animals that exhibit bilateral symmetry.a. Annelidsb. Spongesc. Flatwormsd. RoundwormsAnswer: c. Flatworms - Flatworms possess bilateral symmetry and exhibit a simple body plan without segmentation. This symmetry allows for a more organized body structure and is coupled with a centralized nervous system, enabling more complex behaviors compared to radial organisms like sponges.

Question 10: There are more species of __________ than of any other type of animal.a. nematodeb. arthropodc. molluskd. chordateAnswer: b. arthropod - Arthropods, which include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans, constitute the largest group of animals in terms of species diversity. Their success is largely attributed to their exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and ability to adapt to various environments.

Question 11: Humans are chordates. Which animal group is most closely related to chordates?a. mollusksb. annelidsc. cnidariansd. echinodermsAnswer: d. echinoderms - Echinoderms (like starfish and sea urchins) share a more recent common ancestor with chordates, as both belong to the group of deuterostomes. This evolutionary relationship highlights the shared developmental features that occur during embryogenesis.

Question 12: What form of energy is ATP?a. potentialb. kineticc. ionicd. motionAnswer: a. potential - ATP (adenosine triphosphate) contains stored energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds, which can be released for cellular processes. When ATP is hydrolyzed, it releases energy that drives various biological reactions, making it essential for life.

Question 13: ______ is the main energy source for cells.a. Lactic acidb. ATPc. Carbon dioxided. SunlightAnswer: b. ATP - ATP is utilized as the primary energy currency of the cell, powering various biological functions, from muscle contractions to active transport, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis.

Question 14: During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose ____________.a. is transferred to starchb. is used to manufacture glucose by exergonic reactionsc. is released all at onced. is carried by electronsAnswer: d. is carried by electrons - In cellular respiration, the energy from glucose is gradually released via a series of redox reactions, where electrons are transferred along the electron transport chain, ultimately leading to ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 15: Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?a. outside the mitochondriab. ERc. in the fluid of the mitochondriad. on the outer mitochondrial membraneAnswer: a. outside the mitochondria - Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH in the process.

Question 16: What must pyruvate be converted to before it can enter the Krebs cycle?a. acetyl CoAb. lactic acidc. ethyl alcohold. NADHAnswer: a. acetyl CoA - This conversion occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, where pyruvate is decarboxylated and combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle to undergo further oxidation.

Question 17: Which is the following is NOT an autotroph?a. cactusb. mushroomc. pine treed. rose bushAnswer: b. mushroom - Mushrooms are heterotrophic fungi, which means they do not produce their own food through photosynthesis but instead obtain nutrients from organic matter by decomposing it.

Question 18: __________ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem.a. NADPHb. Waterc. Carbon dioxided. Chlorophyll aAnswer: b. Water - During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water molecules are split in a process called photolysis, which releases oxygen gas as a byproduct while providing electrons necessary to replenish the reaction centers of chlorophyll.

Question 19: The light reactions of photosynthesis take place ________.a. in the stromab. in the thylakoid membranec. in the cytosold. in the cristaeAnswer: b. in the thylakoid membrane - This is where chlorophyll captures sunlight, converting it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle.

Question 20: Digestion is the _______.a. absorption of nutrientsb. mechanical and chemical breakdown of foodc. conversion of glycogen to glucosed. conversion of amino acids to proteinsAnswer: b. mechanical and chemical breakdown of food - Digestion involves both physical processes, such as chewing and churning, as well as enzymatic actions that convert complex food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body.

Question 21: Digestion begins in thea. esophagusb. stomachc. pharynxd. mouthAnswer: d. mouth - Enzymatic action starts here as saliva mixes with food through chewing, where salivary amylase begins breaking down carbohydrates into simpler sugars.

Question 22: A food ball (chewed up food) moves through the esophagus by ____.a. segmentationb. hydrolysisc. peristalsisd. masticationAnswer: c. peristalsis - This wave-like muscle contraction propels food down to the stomach, ensuring efficient passage through the digestive tract.

Question 23: The main function of salivary amylase is to ___________.a. store foodb. digest foodc. absorb nutrientsd. catalyze the formation of vitaminsAnswer: b. digest food - Salivary amylase begins the enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth, converting starches into maltose and dextrins.

Question 24: All veins carry ____________.a. oxygen-rich bloodb. blood away from the heartc. blood toward the heartd. oxygen-poor bloodAnswer: c. blood toward the heart - Veins primarily transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart, except for the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Question 25: What type of blood vessel allows for the exchange of substances?A. arteriesB. arteriolesC. capillariesD. venulesE. veinsAnswer: C. capillaries - Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, facilitating the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues, allowing for efficient cellular respiration and nutrient absorption.

Test 2 Review Questions

Question 1: Which of the following types of plants lacks vascular tissue?a. flowering plantsb. mossesc. grassesd. fernsAnswer: b. mosses - Mosses are non-vascular plants, meaning they do not have specialized structures (xylem and phloem) for transporting water and nutrients. This lack of vascular tissue limits their growth and habitat, primarily found in moist environments where water is readily available to support their needs for hydration and reproduction through water-dependent sperm movement.

Question 2: Identify seedless vascular plants.a. Bryophytesb. Angiospermsc. Gymnospermsd. FernsAnswer: d. Ferns - They belong to a group of plants known as pteridophytes, which reproduce via spores instead of seeds. Ferns have complex leaves known as fronds and possess vascular tissue, allowing for a more extensive range of habitats compared to their non-vascular relatives like mosses.

Question 3: The sporophyte generation of plants shows what ploidy level?A. 1nB. 2nC. 3nD. 4nAnswer: B. 2n - The sporophyte is diploid with two sets of chromosomes. In the life cycle of plants, the sporophyte generation typically develops from the fertilized egg and ultimately produces spores through meiosis, contributing to the haploid (1n) gametophyte generation in the alternation of generations.

Question 4: Why do bryophytes need to be very near water?A. they need it for reproductionB. they need it because they don’t have vascular tissueC. they need it because they would dry out and die otherwiseD. all of the aboveAnswer: D. all of the above - Bryophytes rely on water for multiple critical processes. During reproduction, sperm must swim to reach the eggs, necessitating a water source. Additionally, they lack vascular tissue, meaning they cannot transport water effectively from the soil, making proximity to water essential to prevent desiccation.

Question 5: Which of the following are further adaptations to life on land by gymnosperms?A. pollenB. seedsC. further reduction of gametophyteD. all of the aboveAnswer: D. all of the above - Gymnosperms have evolved several adaptations for terrestrial life:

• Pollen allows for fertilization without the need for standing water, as pollen grains can be transferred by wind or animals.

• Seeds protect the embryo from environmental stresses and provide a nutrient supply, increasing the likelihood of survival.

• Reduced gametophytes minimize dependence on water, enabling gymnosperms to thrive in a variety of terrestrial habitats.

Question 6: The bodies of most fungi are constructed of threadlike filaments called _____________.A. myceliaB. mushroomsC. lichenD. hyphaeAnswer: D. hyphae - Hyphae are the basic building blocks of a fungus, forming a network known as mycelium. This mycelial structure plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption and is vital for the decomposition of organic matter, thus playing a key role in ecosystem nutrient cycling.

Question 7: Name a commercial use for fungus. Name a commercial use of a gymnosperm.Answer: Fungi are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce antibiotics like penicillin, which has saved countless lives. Additionally, fungi are essential for producing various food products, such as bread, beer, and cheese, through fermentation processes. Gymnosperms are critical sources of timber and paper products due to the strength and durability of their wood, which is used in construction, furniture, and various paper goods.

Question 8: Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates?a. They all have a notochord.b. They all have a vertebral column.c. They all have an exoskeleton.d. They all exhibit radial symmetry.Answer: a. They all have a notochord - This embryonic structure is pivotal in the development of chordates and provides skeletal support during early development. In vertebrates, the notochord is typically replaced by the vertebral column (spine) in adulthood, while in other chordates, it may persist throughout life.

Question 9: __________ are the simplest animals that exhibit bilateral symmetry.a. Annelidsb. Spongesc. Flatwormsd. RoundwormsAnswer: c. Flatworms - Flatworms possess bilateral symmetry and exhibit a simple body plan without segmentation. This symmetry allows for a more organized body structure and is coupled with a centralized nervous system, enabling more complex behaviors compared to radial organisms like sponges.

Question 10: There are more species of __________ than of any other type of animal.a. nematodeb. arthropodc. molluskd. chordateAnswer: b. arthropod - Arthropods, which include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans, constitute the largest group of animals in terms of species diversity. Their success is largely attributed to their exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and ability to adapt to various environments.

Question 11: Humans are chordates. Which animal group is most closely related to chordates?a. mollusksb. annelidsc. cnidariansd. echinodermsAnswer: d. echinoderms - Echinoderms (like starfish and sea urchins) share a more recent common ancestor with chordates, as both belong to the group of deuterostomes. This evolutionary relationship highlights the shared developmental features that occur during embryogenesis.

Question 12: What form of energy is ATP?a. potentialb. kineticc. ionicd. motionAnswer: a. potential - ATP (adenosine triphosphate) contains stored energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds, which can be released for cellular processes. When ATP is hydrolyzed, it releases energy that drives various biological reactions, making it essential for life.

Question 13: ______ is the main energy source for cells.a. Lactic acidb. ATPc. Carbon dioxided. SunlightAnswer: b. ATP - ATP is utilized as the primary energy currency of the cell, powering various biological functions, from muscle contractions to active transport, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis.

Question 14: During cellular respiration, the energy in glucose ____________.a. is transferred to starchb. is used to manufacture glucose by exergonic reactionsc. is released all at onced. is carried by electronsAnswer: d. is carried by electrons - In cellular respiration, the energy from glucose is gradually released via a series of redox reactions, where electrons are transferred along the electron transport chain, ultimately leading to ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 15: Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?a. outside the mitochondriab. ERc. in the fluid of the mitochondriad. on the outer mitochondrial membraneAnswer: a. outside the mitochondria - Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH in the process.

Question 16: What must pyruvate be converted to before it can enter the Krebs cycle?a. acetyl CoAb. lactic acidc. ethyl alcohold. NADHAnswer: a. acetyl CoA - This conversion occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, where pyruvate is decarboxylated and combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA, which then enters the Krebs cycle to undergo further oxidation.

Question 17: Which of the following is NOT an autotroph?a. cactusb. mushroomc. pine treed. rose bushAnswer: b. mushroom - Mushrooms are heterotrophic fungi, which means they do not produce their own food through photosynthesis but instead obtain nutrients from organic matter by decomposing it.

Question 18: __________ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem.a. NADPHb. Waterc. Carbon dioxided. Chlorophyll aAnswer: b. Water - During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water molecules are split in a process called photolysis, which releases oxygen gas as a byproduct while providing electrons necessary to replenish the reaction centers of chlorophyll.

Question 19: The light reactions of photosynthesis take place ________.a. in the stromab. in the thylakoid membranec. in the cytosold. in the cristaeAnswer: b. in the thylakoid membrane - This is where chlorophyll captures sunlight, converting it into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle.

Question 20: Digestion is the _______.a. absorption of nutrientsb. mechanical and chemical breakdown of foodc. conversion of glycogen to glucosed. conversion of amino acids to proteinsAnswer: b. mechanical and chemical breakdown of food - Digestion involves both physical processes, such as chewing and churning, as well as enzymatic actions that convert complex food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body.

Question 21: Digestion begins in thea. esophagusb. stomachc. pharynxd. mouthAnswer: d. mouth - Enzymatic action starts here as saliva mixes with food through chewing, where salivary amylase begins breaking down carbohydrates into simpler sugars.

Question 22: A food ball (chewed up food) moves through the esophagus by ____.a. segmentationb. hydrolysisc. peristalsisd. masticationAnswer: c. peristalsis - This wave-like muscle contraction propels food down to the stomach, ensuring efficient passage through the digestive tract.

Question 23: The main function of salivary amylase is to ___________.a. store foodb. digest foodc. absorb nutrientsd. catalyze the formation of vitaminsAnswer: b. digest food - Salivary amylase begins the enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates in the mouth, converting starches into maltose and dextrins.

Question 24: All veins carry ____________.a. oxygen-rich bloodb. blood away from the heartc. blood toward the heartd. oxygen-poor bloodAnswer: c. blood toward the heart - Veins primarily transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart, except for the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Question 25: What type of blood vessel allows for the exchange of substances?A. arteriesB. arteriolesC. capillariesD. venulesE. veinsAnswer: C. capillaries - Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, facilitating the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues, allowing for efficient cellular respiration and nutrient absorption.