People of Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt - german physiologist who founded psychology

as a formal science; opened first psychology

research laboratory in 1879, "Father" of

Psychology, Considered the Father of modern

psychology; study of mental processes,

introspection, and self-exam; established the

first psychology laboratory in Germany

William James - 1842-1910 American philosopher and

psychologist who founded psychology in the

United states and established the psychological

school called functionalism

- 1st American Psychologist

- Viewed the mind as a stream which cannot be

meaningfully broken down into distinct

component

Mary Whiton Calkins - American psychologist who conducted

research on memory, personality, and dreams;

first woman president of the American

Psychological Association

John B.

Watson

- (1878-1958) He was an American psychologist

who departed from Wundt and the early

psychologists by emphasizing the scientific study

of observable behaviors rather than the study of

subjective mental processes. He is now

remembered as one of the founders of

behaviorism.

Ivan

Pavlov

- 1891-1951; Field: Gastroenterology;

Contributions: developed foundation for classical

conditioning, discovered that a UCS naturally

elicits a reflexive behavior; Studies: dog salivation

B.F.

Skinner

- 1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions:

created techniques to manipulate the

consequences of an organism's behavior in order

to observe the effects of subsequent behavior;

Studies: Skinner box

Abraham

Maslow

- 1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions:

hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level

dominate an individual's motivation as long as

they are unsatisfied, self-actualization,

transcendence

Carl

Rogers

- 1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions:

founded person-centered therapy, theory that

emphasizes the unique quality of humans

especially their freedom and potential for personal

growth, unconditional positive regard, fully

functioning person

- Developed "client-centered" therapy

Sigmund

Freud

- 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality;

Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and

pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense

mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud),

psychoanalysis, transference,

- Austrian neurologist who originated

psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human

behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome

of conflict between the id (irrational

unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and

pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing

conscious, what one can do) and superego

(ingrained moral values, what one should do).

Jean

Piaget

- 1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions:

created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development,

said that two basic processes work in tandem to

achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and

accommodation)

Ernst Weber -1795-1878; Field: perception; Studies: 1st

study on JND, He pioneered the first study

in JND (just noticeable difference). It

became Weber's law; the JND between

stimuli is a constant fraction of the intensity

of the standard stimulus. E.g. the bigger or

more intense the standard stimulus, the

larger the increment needed to get a

noticeable difference. (Holding books

stacked on your hand).

27. Eleanor

Gibson

-,1910-2002; Field: perception; Gibson was

an American psychologist. Among her

contributions to psychology, the most

important are the study of perception in

infants and toddlers. She is popularly

known for the Visual Cliff; experiment in

which precocial animals, and crawling

human infants, showed their ability to

perceive depth by avoiding the deep side of a

virtual cliff. Along with her husband J. J.

Gibson, she forwarded the concept that

perceptual learning takes place by

differentiation.

31. John Watson -, behaviorism; emphasis on external

behaviors of people and their reactions on a

given situation; famous for Little Albert

study in which baby was taught to fear a

white rat

Edward

Thorndike

-, 1874-1949; Field: behaviorism; Contributions:

Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and

consequence; Studies: Law of Effect with cats,

Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered

concepts in intstrumental learning such as the

law of effect.

- Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.

- Author of the law of effect, the principle that

forms the basis of operant conditioning

Hermann

Ebbinghaus

-, 1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st

to conduct studies on forgetting: first, a rapid

loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss;

Studies: memory-series of meaningless

syllables/words

- the first person to study memory scientifically

and systematically; used nonsense syllables

and recorded how many times he had to study a

list to remember it well

45. Noam

Chomsky

- 1928-present; Field: language; Contributions:

disagreed with Skinner about language

acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of

sentences in a language, humans have an

inborn native ability to develop language

46. Benjamin

Whorf

- Concept of "liguistic determinism" or how

language impacts thought

- 1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his

hypothesis is that language determines the way

we think

37. Albert

Bandura

- 1925-present; Field: sociocultural;

Contributions: pioneer in observational learning,

stated that people profit from the

mistakes/successes of others;

- Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated

'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked

play,

- Famous for the Bobo Doll experiments on

observational learning & influence in the Socio-

Cognitive Perspective

- "Modeling": Attention, Retention,

Reproduction, & Motivation

Stanley

Schachter

-, 1922-present; Field: emotion;

Contributions: stated that in order to

experience emotions a person must be

physically aroused and know the emotion

before you experience it,

- two factor emotion theory - physiological

happens first, cognitive appraisal must be

made in order to experience emotion.

Virginia

Johnson

- psychologist famous for her pioneering research

into the nature of human sexual response and the

diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and

dysfunctions from 1957 until the 1990s

- Pioneered the study of human sexuality under

labarotary conditions with william masters,

published human sexual response, pivotal role in

the field of sex therapy

- Wife of William Masters, published research in

books "Human Sexual Response" and "Human

Sexual Inadequacy"

57. Hans Seyle - studied stress—the body responds in the

same way to any stress

- General Adaptation Syndrome—a series of

bodily reactions to prolonged stress (alarm,

resistance, exhaustion).

Carl

Lange

- Danish physiologist who proposed a theory of

emotion similar to, and about the same time as

James' theory that awareness of physiological

responses leads to experiences of emotion.

52. Walter

Cannon

- 1871-1945; Field: motivation; Contributions:

believed that gastric activity as in empty stomach,

was the sole basis for hunger; Studies: inserted

balloons in stomachs

- Coined the term homeostasis, American

pyschologist who developed an influential theory of

emotion called the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

- Came up with the flight-or-fight response; the

instinctive physiological response preparing the

body, when confronted with a threat to either fight

or flee; an evolutionary survival dynamic

53. Philip

Bard

-, A very prominent American psychologist who

developed an alternative arousal theory with

Cannon bard, known as the Cannon-Bard theory .

Was also the chairman of the APA during WW2.

- Cannon-Bard theory; experience of an event

triggers both emotional and physiological response

Mary

Ainsworth

- A Psychologist interested mainly in

developmental psychology; compared effects

of maternal separation, devised patterns of

attachment; "The Strange Situation":

observation of parent/child attachment.

Discovered 3 Types of attachment 1, secure

Attachments(66%), 2.. Avoidant

Attachments(21%) 3.Anxious/Ambivalent

Attachment (12)

Diana

Baumrind

- Authoritative - high in control and warmth;

mature demands of and responsiveness to

children; allows lots of discussion and considers

children's opinions before making final decision;

have set rules and guidelines; use rationale and

logic when disciplining. Considered the most

optimal parenting style

- Identified three different types of parenting

styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and

permissive.

63. Lev

Vygotsky

-, 1896-1934; Field: child development;

Contributions: investigated how culture &

interpersonal communication guide development,

zone of proximal development; play research

- Theorist is credited with the social

development theory of learning. He/She

suggested that social interaction influences

cognitive development. His/Her learning theory

suggests that students learn best in a social

context in which a more able adult or peer

teaches the student something he or she could

not learn on his or her own. In other words,

teachers must determine what a student can do

independently and then provide the student with

the opportunities to learn with the support of an

adult or a more capable peer.

64. Erik

Erikson

- "Eight Stages of Human Development" Based on

crisis or conflict that a person resolves

- proposed that people develop a personality in

eight psychosocial stages. At each stage we

experience a crisis that upon resolving will have

an effect on our ability to deal with the next one.

8 stages:

1. infancy (trust vs. mistrust)

2. toddlerhood (autonomy vs. shame and doubt)

3. preschooler (initiative vs. guilt)

4. elementary school (industry vs. inferiority)

5. adolescence (identity vs. role confusion)

6. young adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation)

7. middle adulthood( generativity vs. stagnation)

8. late adulthood (integrity vs., despair)

Karen

Horney

- 1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian,

psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud,

stated that personality is molded by current fears

and impulses, rather than being determined

solely by childhood experiences and instincts,

neurotic trends

Carl Jung - 1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic

psychology; Contributions: people had

conscious and unconscious awareness;

archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all

types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream

studies/interpretation

Alfred

Adler

- 1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian,

psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes,

style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes,

childhood influences personality formation;

Studies: Birth Order

73. Hans

Eyesenck

- believed that by classifying all people along an

introversion-extraversion scale and a stable-

unstable scale, one could describe their

personalities

74. Raymond

Cattell

- 1905-1998; Field: intelligence; Contributions:

fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of

personality sphere (personality, ability, &

motivation), 16 Personality Factors (personality

test)

77. Gordon

Allport

- 1897-1967; Field: trait theory of personality;

Contributions: list of 11,000 traits, 3 levels of

traits-cardinal, central, and secondary, American

psychologist and trait theorist who researched the

idea that individual personalities are unique,

- A psychologist perhaps best-known as one of the

founding figures of personality psychology. He

also developed a trait theory of personality that

described three broad categories of personality

traits

- trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits:

1. cardinal

2. central

3. secondary

Charles

Spearman

- 1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions:

found that specific mental talents were highly

correlated, concluded that all cognitive

abilities showed a common core which he

labeled 'g' (general ability)

85. Howard

Gardner

- 1943-present; Field: intelligence;

Contributions: devised the theory of multiple

intelligences (logical-mathematic, spatial,

bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic,

musical, interpersonal, naturalistic)’

Robert

Sternberg

- intelligence; devised the Triarchic Theory of

Intelligence (academic problem-solving,

practical, and creative)

Louis

Terman

- revised Binet's IQ test and established norms

for American children

- adapted the intelligence test created by Alfred

Binet to fit the needs of US students. The revised

test was called the Stanford-Binet test and

measures IQ

89. David

Wechsler

-, 1939 published a test exclusively for adults

WAIS-R or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale,

Revised

- researcher that worked with troubled kids in

the 1930's in NYC. He observed that many of

these kids demonstrated a type of intelligence

that was much different than the type of

intelligence needed to succeed in the school

system (STREET SMARTS). He created tests to

measure more than verbal ability.

Aaron

Beck

- 1921-present; Field: cognitive; Contributions:

father of Cognitive Therapy, created Beck Scales-

depression inventory, hopelessness scale,

suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory, and youth

inventories

- pioneer in Cognitive Therapy. Suggested

negative beliefs cause depression.

92. Martin

Seligman

- 1942-present; Field: learning; Contributions:

Positive Psychology, learned helplessness;

Studies: Dogs demonstrating learned

helplessness

Albert Ellis - 1913-2007; Field: cognitive-behavioral;

Contributions: Rational-Emotive Therapy

(RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of

irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive

behavior and emotions

101. Leon

Festinger

- In 1957 this social psychologist created terms

cognitive dissonance and the social comparison

theory; said that when people are induced to act

in ways inconsistent with their beliefs, a

tension is created, and they will change their

beliefs to fit their behavior

Solomon

Asch

- 1907-1996; Field: social psychology;

Contributions: studied conformity, found that

individuals would conform even if they knew it

was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and

social pressures

- An important figure in the study of Conformity.

He is famous for his experiment in which he had

one test subject and five confederates disguised

as test subjects compare line lengths. The five

confederates selected the same, obviously

incorrect answer, which often caused the subject

to follow suit. Demonstrated the social

conformity bias.

110. Stanley

Milgram

- 1933-1984; Field: social psychology;

Contributions: wanted to see how the German

soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see

how far individuals would go to be obedient;

Studies: Shock Study

- obedience to authority; had participants

administer what they believed were dangerous

electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to

see if Germans were an aberration or if all people

were capable of committing evil actions

Phillip

Zimbardo

- social psychology; Stanford Prison Study;

college students were randomly assigned to roles

of prisoners or guards in a study that looked at

who social situations influence behavior;

showed that peoples' behavior depends to a large

extent on the roles they are asked to play