Module 1.3: Memory, Storage, and Processing

Memory vs Storage

  • Primary Memory (RAM):

    • Holds active programs and data currently in use.

    • Fast, electronic, volatile memory (loses data without power).

    • Module form factor known as DIMMs (Dual Inline Memory Modules).

    • Capacity typically ranges from 8−128 GB8 - 128\,\text{GB}.

    • Higher cost per gigabyte compared to storage.

  • Secondary Memory (Storage):

    • Permanent, non-volatile data retention when power is off.

    • Magnetic hard drives (HDD) use mechanical parts and are slower.

    • Electronic solid-state drives (SSD) are faster than HDDs, but slower than RAM.

    • Capacity measured in gigabytes or terabytes (1 TB=1024 GB1\,\text{TB} = 1024\,\text{GB}).

Cloud Storage and Syncing

  • Cloud Storage:

    • Server storage space provided over the internet under the SaaS (Software as a Service) model.

    • Requires an active subscription fee.

    • Advantages: Access data anywhere on any device, simple file sharing, provider-managed backups/security, easy storage scaling, offline editing.

    • Disadvantages: Depends on internet connectivity, potential high costs, privacy concerns, potential service outages, vulnerability to hacking.

  • Syncing:

    • Keeps files available locally offline and synchronizes edits across all connected devices.

Storage Media and Backups

  • Importance: Essential routine task to protect against hardware failure, software bugs, theft, and accidents.

  • Selection Criteria: Easy restoration process, quick and simple backup execution.

  • Common Backup Strategies:

    • Flash drives.

    • Portable hard drives and SSDs.

    • Online backup services.

Processing Components

  • Motherboard:

    • Large main circuit board allowing all hardware components (CPU, RAM, storage drives) to connect and communicate.

  • CPU (Central Processing Unit):

    • Executes all processing tasks; speed measured in GHz\text{GHz}.

    • Core count (e.g., dual core, quad core) indicates physical cores for multitasking.

    • High-performance CPUs require air or liquid cooling systems.

  • RAM Operations:

    • Holds instructions loaded from storage for CPU execution; extra RAM improves general performance.

  • ROM (Read Only Memory):

    • Non-volatile motherboard chips holding startup programs and basic hardware setup controls.

  • GPU (Graphics Processing Unit):

    • Integrated Graphics: Located on CPU chip, uses system RAM; restricted to basic low-power tasks.

    • Dedicated GPU: Separate card with dedicated memory; needed for gaming, 3D work, local AI, and video editing.

Interpreting Specifications and Adverts

  • Memory Terms: References to RAM or DDR.

  • Storage Terms: References to HDD or SSD.

  • Drive Form Factors:

    • 2.5′′2.5'' external drives run on USB port power.

    • 3.5′′3.5'' external drives require a separate power supply.

    • M.2 connection on motherboards supports high-speed SSD transfers.

Basic Troubleshooting

  • Storage Space Full:

    • Disk Cleanup Utility: Scans and deletes temporary files (temporary solution).

    • File Compression: OS utility operating in background (limited impact, can slow read/write speeds).

    • External Storage: Plug in external drives.

    • Storage Replacement/Upgrade: Replace with larger drive or add secondary drive (requires full backup first).

  • CPU and RAM Issues:

    • Frequent system freezing or crashing indicates component fault.

    • CPU Faults: Generally caused by CPU overheating.

    • RAM Faults: Caused by improperly seated RAM sticks or inadequate cooling.