apush ap exam
"Pacific Railway Act (1862): authorized the first transcontinental railroad",
"Homestead Act of 1862: provided 160 acres to whites",
"Turner Frontier Thesis: Frederick Turner’s thesis stated that the frontier was a crucial factor in the US character",
"Indian Wars: US-led conflicts against Native Americans over land and resources",
"Battle of Little Bighorn (1876): (Custer's last stand)",
"Sand Creek, CO (1864): The US destroyed a village, killing 230",
"Wounded Knee (1890): the US killed 300 finalized the Indian wars",
"Red Cloud: a native American leading a major conflict against the U.S. military",
"Sitting Bull: recognized for his resistance to reservation life",
"Sioux Wars: a series of conflicts between the United States government and various subgroups of the Sioux people",
"Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): Chinese workers were scapegoats banned Chinese people were banned from immigration. The First Law restricting immigration",
"Dawes Act (1887): The US divided native lands into plots to assimilate. Those who were accepted were granted citizenship, and Disease, famine, and poverty reduced populations.",
"Plessy V. Ferguson (1896): SCOTUS ruled “separate but equal” (Ruled it did not violate the 14 Amendment) upheld segregation",
"Jim Crow laws: Literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses disenfranchised Americans. Black Americans were barred from jury duty, faced harsher sentences, and faced lynching",
"Ida B. Wells: teacher/journalist who exposed racism, spoke out on lynching",
"Booker T. Washington: Established a Black industrial/agricultural school in Tuskegee, Praised hard work and economic self-help to accommodate segregation.",
"Atlanta Compromise: Advocated accepting segregation in exchange for economic opportunities and education",
"W.E.B. Du Bois: Sociologist & historian, First Black American to earn a doctorate (Harvard)",
"NAACP: in 1909 demanded an immediate end to segregation",
"National Woman Suffrage Association: A women's rights organization that worked to secure women's suffrage",
"Reservations: The US forced Indigenous Nations into reservations. Imposed assimilation and opened boarding schools to erase culture",
"Comstock Lode: the biggest mining discovery",
"Social Darwinism: Belief in natural selection",
"Gospel of Wealth: that hard work and perseverance lead to wealth",
"Horatio Alger Myth: the idea that anyone can become wealthy and successful through hard work, honesty, and self-improvement",
"Laissez-faire: the less the government is involved in the economy, the better off business and society as a whole will be",
"Populism: a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of the common 'people' and often position this group in opposition to a perceived 'elite'.",
"People’s Party: an agrarian populist political party",
"“New Imperialism”: The expansionist period from 1870-1914 (included newcomers: Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the US)",
"Spanish-American War (1898): US interest in Cuba grew due to sugar. In 1895, Cubans revolted against Spain.",
"De Lome Letter: The Spanish Ambassador wrote a letter insulting the President",
"USS Maine Sank (1898): USS Maine exploded near Havana, The US declared war against Spain",
"Teller Amendment (1898): ensured the US could not annex Cuba",
"Jingoism: Nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy",
"Yellow journalism: sensationalized journalism",
"The US acquired Spanish colonies: Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.",
"Philippine-American War (1899-1902): The Philippines resisted US occupation. This resulted in 200k+ civilian deaths and concentration camps",
"Hawaii: Annexed in 1898",
"Boxer Rebellion: The US helped crush a Chinese rebellion (1899-1901)",
"Roosevelt Corollary (1904): The US will intervene between Europe and Latin America (added to the Monroe Doctrine",
"Anti-child labor laws: Passed by most states by 1907",
"NAACP (1908): founded by Du Bois and other progressives",
"Muckrakers (journalists): highlighted corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality, sought to regulate the economy, expand suffrage (voting), and generate moral reform",
"Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911): Sparked activism and motivated states to improve safety",
"Ludlow Massacre (1914): The National Guard attacked striking coal miners in Colorado",
"Social welfare: better schools, fair divorce laws, juvenile jails, rehabilitative prisons, safety regulations, and abolishing the death penalty",
"19th Amendment: prohibits denying the right to vote based on sex",
"German unrestricted submarine warfare (us involved): Lusitania sunk in 1915 (killed 100+ Americans)",
"Zimmermann Telegram (1917) (us involved): Britain intercepted a German telegram telling Mexico to attack the US (Germany will return the land to Mexico)",
"US Banks (us involved): loaned 3 billion to the Allies",
"Russian Revolution (1917)(us involved): Russia exited; Soviet Communism emerged (the Us wanted to increase its presence in Europe)",
"Espionage Act (1917): criminalized disloyal activities",
"Sedition Act (1918): limited anti-war speech (imprisoned anti-war activists, socialists, and pacifists)",
"Schenck v. US: SCOTUS upheld the Espionage Act",
"Emma Goldman: Russian-born anarchist, arrested for speaking out against the U.S. government, military, or flag",
"Harlem Hellfighters (men of bronze): Black regiment that spent more time in the trenches and suffered more losses than any US unit. First to enter Germany",
"1918 Pandemic (Spanish flu): Killed ~675k Americans (50 million people worldwide), Impacted the global economy",
"League of Nations: formed by Woodrow Wilson, the US did not join",
"Red Summer (1919): racist massacres plagued the US",
"Tulsa Massacre: white mobs attacked black wall street",
"First Red Scare: a period marked by a widespread fear of leftism",
"Quota Laws (1921 & 1924): established limits on the number of immigrants allowed into the United States",
"The Scopes Trial (1925): prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools.",
"Sacco and Vanzetti: Two Italian anarchists were convicted of murder and executed in 1927",
"Harlem Renaissance: renowned for cultural revival, 20% of black Americans lived in the north",
"Langston Hughes: Harlem poet and social activist who wrote the experiences of African Americans",
"Nella Larsen: Harlem novelist, the Harlem Renaissance",
"Marcus Garvey: Jamaican pan- Africanist who advocated black pride and a back-to-Africa movement",
"Jazz Age: Started in New Orleans as a fusion of African and European music; diffused to the North, Symbolized rebellion and modern",
"18th Amendment: Prohibition law, passed to conserve grain, maintain sober workers, and appease fundamentalists. Many defied the law, which led to a rise in crime",
"Great Depression Causes: The stock market crash of 1929, Wealth gap, Credit, Overproduction, Weak farm economy/drought, Deregulation, global economic Problems",
"Great Depression Effects: GDP dropped by 50% from 1929 to 1932, 20% of banks closed, 1933: unemployment reached 25%, disproportionately impacting minorities and the poor",
"Scottsboro Case (1931): 9 Black Kids (ages 12-19) were found guilty of rape in AL and sentenced to death",
"Election of 1932: FDR won",
"Glass-Steagall: regulated banks (limited investment in customers' money",
"Security and Exchange Commission: regulated the stock market",
"Revenue Act: increased taxes on the wealthy",
"Social Security Act: established unemployment insurance, pensions, and disability benefits.",
"Public works admin (PWA): allotted money for infrastructure",
"Federal housing admin: boosted construction by providing homeowner loans (to build new houses/repair old ones)",
"Homeowners Loan Corp: provided home refinancing to prevent foreclosures - redlining (increased ghettoization)",
"Tennessee Valley Authority: Built dams/electric power plants",
"Civilian Conservation Corps: employed men on federal projects",
"Workers progress admin: employed 3.4mil+ people",
"Indian Reorganization Act (1934): reversed the goal of assimilation (replaced the Dawes Act)",
"Huey Long: LA governor who started a Share Our Wealth program and built 14k-mile roads",
"Mexican Repatriation (the early 1930s): A Government plan that forced the deportation of Mexican Americans and Mexicans, 2mil+ deportations",
"Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936 & 1937): Banned weapon shipment and forbade traveling on foreign",
"Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1971): 400 black men were studied for untreated syphilis (none were treated)",
"Cash and Carry (1939): Countries could buy arms if they used their ships and paid cash",
"Selective Service Act: (1940) 1.2 million+ troops drafted",
"Destroyers for Bases (1940): Traded 50 destroyers to Britain's land forces",
"Lend-Lease (1941): provided aid to allies (50 billion+) & protected British ships",
"Pearl Harbor (1941): Japan attacked our bases,the US entered WWII",
"D-Day (1944): Allied invasions to liberate Nazi-occupied France",
"Battle of Midway (1942): US victory over Japan; turning point",
"Okinawa (1945): US victory, 110k+ Japanese died (half the entire population of Okinawa)",
"Tuskegee Airmen: Black pilots who were effective against Nazis yet faced heavy discrimination",
"Hiroshima: Dropped atomic bomb on Hiroshima",
"Nagasaki: Dropped atomic bomb on Nagasaki",
"Yalta (1945): The ‘Big Three” agreed to post-war arrangements: dividing Germany, holding free elections in Eastern Europe, and forming a world peace organization",
"Potsdam (1945): Allies agreed to; demand Japan surrender unconditionally and hold war crime trials",
"Tehran Conference (1943): FDR, Churchill hill and Stalin (Big Three) agreed to focus on Germany before Japan",
"Korematsu v. SCOTUS: upheld the order in 1966",
"Indigenous Code Talkers: Native American soldiers used their languages to protect military communication",
"Bracero Program: Allowed Mexicans to enter to work",
"Manhattan Project: The secret project to develop nuclear weapons during WWII"
],