Geo (5)
Page 1: Introduction to Economic Activities
Overview of Primary and Secondary Activities
Primary Activities: Products are directly obtained from nature. Examples include agriculture and fishing.
Uses of Primary Products:
Some products are utilized directly.
Others are processed into more durable products.
Role of Secondary Activities:
Convert raw materials from primary activities into finished products.
Include manufacturing, processing, and construction industries.
Factories are where this transformation occurs.
Key Regions and Industries in Solapur:
Map shows distribution of sugar industries, which are crucial for local agriculture.
Example Case: Farmer Shamrao
Scenario: Shamrao must decide where to send his harvested sugarcane based on quality and proximity to markets.
Factors to Consider: Cost of transportation, proximity to sugar mills, geographical locations.
Page 2: Factors Affecting Industrial Location
Proximity to Raw Materials
Industries such as jute and sugar mills are located near raw material sources to reduce transportation costs and time.
Examples include local fruit processing industries near Mahabaleshwar.
Supply of Water and Power
Industries require significant water for various processes like cooling and cleaning.
Power sources can be coal (bulky and local) or electricity (which can be transported over distances).
Labor Requirements
Different industries require varied types of labor: semi-skilled vs. skilled.
Labor colonies often develop near large industrial sites to support workforce needs.
Transportation Considerations
Economic distance affects cost; heavy, bulky materials like coal have higher transportation costs.
Light, perishable goods may be transported more easily, allowing for innovative locations like near waterways or ports.
Site and Land Requirements
Industries require large, flat areas with good transport links.
There’s a trend toward rural locations due to urban land scarcity and high costs.
Economic Factors
Market Proximity: Essential for quick sale and disposal of goods, particularly for perishables.
Capital Requirements: The availability of banking and financial resources boosts industrial establishment in certain regions.
Page 3: Government and Political Influences
Role of Government Policies
Government support can incentivize industries through subsidies, tax breaks, and infrastructure development.
Restrictions may also apply in ecologically fragile areas.
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
SEZs promote export-oriented industrialization, attracting various companies due to favorable conditions.
Example: SEEPZ near Santa Cruz.
Other Influential Factors
Split Production Locations: Different production stages may be spread across locations to reduce costs.
Economies of Scale: Concentration of industries leads to enhanced efficiencies and profit potentials through agglomeration.
Footloose Industries: Industries that do not require proximity to resources (e.g., diamond cutting) can be relocated easily.
Page 4: Industrial Regions and Distribution
Definition of Industrial Regions
Areas with high concentrations of industries due to favorable conditions, employing significant labor.
Characterized by:
Agglomeration of industries, population density, and extensive infrastructure.
Global Industrial Distribution
North America
Key regions: USA, Canada - rich in resources, skilled labor, and strong market connections.
Europe
Regions like the Ruhr in Germany benefit from natural resources, skilled labor, and port facilities.
Asia
China and Japan are major players with resources, infrastructure, and a large labor market.
Industries include textiles, electronics, and petrochemicals.
Page 5: Industrial Regions by Continent
North America
Rich in minerals, possesses vast agricultural resources and strong transport networks.
Major Industries: Food and beverages, automobiles, steel, and electronics.
Europe
Diverse industrial landscape in Western Europe (e.g., Germany, Italy) driven by transport infrastructure.
Key Industries: Manufacturing of metals, chemicals, and textiles.
Asia
China: Rich in coal and iron resources, diverse production including textiles and machinery.
Japan: Focus on electrical engineering and automobiles utilizing advanced tech and resources.
Other Regions and Their Characteristics
India: Rich in minerals and labor, growing tech industries.
Africa and South America: Feature certain minerals with potential for industrial growth.
Page 6: Industrial Development Challenges and Opportunities
Economic Corridors in India
Industrial corridors are intended for integrated development along transport routes.
Projects aim to boost exports and create jobs. Examples include the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor.
Classification of Industries
By Source of Raw Materials
Agro-based: Sugar mills, textile industries.
Forest-based: Timber products, paper manufacturing.
Marine-based: Fish processing units.
Mineral-based: Iron and steel industries.
Pastoral-based: Dairy and leather industries.
By Investment Size
Large-scale: Industries needing significant capital (over ₹10 crores).
Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises (MSMEs): Defined by limits on investment size in machinery.
Page 7: Classifying Industries by Output and Ownership
Nature of Output and Industry Type
Basic/Heavy Industries: Provide materials for further production (e.g., iron, steel).
Consumer Goods/Light Industries: Produce goods for direct consumption (e.g., electronics, textiles).
Ancillary Industries: Produce components for other industries.
Ownership Classification
Public Sector: State-owned enterprises.
Private Sector: Individually-owned businesses.
Joint Sector: Collaboration between government and private.
Cooperative Sector: Managed by a group of individuals.
MNCs: Multinational corporations affecting global production.
Conclusion
Understanding industrial factors and classifications aids in the strategic planning of future industries, choosing the right geographical region based on various influencing factors.