AP Hug Unit 4
State: geographic area with defined borders, permanent population, and sovereign government
Nation: a group of people with shared culture, history, and desire to govern themselves
Nation state: self-governing state with a uniform population and strong national identity
Examples: Japan, Iceland, South Korea
Multinational state: consists of multiple nations within its borders
Example: Canada with English and French linguistic groups
Multi-state nation: a nation that exists across multiple states
Example: Kurdish population in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Armenia, and Azerbaijan
Stateless nation: a nation with a history of self-determination but no officially recognized state
Example: Kurds and Basques
Autonomous region: located within a state, with a high degree of independence
Example: Native American reservations in the United States
Semi-autonomous region: controlled by another state, with a moderate degree of self-governance
Example: Hong Kong under the authority of the central government of China
Colonialism: acquiring territories to exert control
Imperialism: growing a state or empire by exerting force over other nations
Decolonization: process by which colonies gain independence from their colonizers
Devolution: transfer of political power from a central government to a regional government
Territoriality: the tendency to establish and defend a specific geographic area
Neocolonialism: indirect use of political, cultural, or economic power to influence or control another country
China's neocolonial tactics in Africa: investment in infrastructure, creating political alliances, and gaining more influence and control
Shatter belts are areas subject to political, cultural, and economic pressure from conflicting external powers, leading to instability and uncertainty.
Eastern Europe during the Cold War is an example, where people were caught in the conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union.
The Korean War also illustrates a shatter belt region, with both sides fighting for control of the Korean Peninsula, resulting in the splitting of North and South Korea.
Choke points are geographic areas that must be passed through to reach a destination, and controlling them holds significant political power.
Countries can exert influence over choke points by stationing military forces, investing in infrastructure, or creating treaties.
Examples of choke points include the Panama Canal, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Suez Canal.
Boundaries are defined, delimited, and demarcated, with various types such as geometric, antecedent, relic, superimposed, subsequent, and consequent boundaries.
Geometric boundaries follow latitude and longitude lines, while antecedent boundaries are determined by local geography.
The Berlin Wall represents a relic boundary, and subsequent boundaries in Europe are based on linguistic and cultural landscapes.
Consequent boundaries, like the Pakistan-India border, separate various ethnic, religious, or linguistic groups.
Stateless nations are geographic areas where no state has direct power or control.
International boundaries separate sovereign states and are established through treaties and agreements.
Internal boundaries separate regions within a single state and are used to distribute power and ensure representation.
Boundary disputes include definitional, locational, operational, and allocational disputes, often requiring third-party intervention for resolution.
The United Nations convention on the law of the sea (UNCLOS) addresses allocational boundary disputes in the sea, with territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones.
Internal boundaries, such as voting districts, are redrawn through redistricting to reflect changes in the population.
Territorial Waters extend 12 nautical miles from the shore, allowing states to set laws regulating passage by ships registered in other states.
The contiguous zone is between 12 and 24 nautical miles from the shore, where a state may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration.
The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extends 200 nautical miles, granting states the sole right to natural resources in the area.
Internal boundaries, established by the state's government, include congressional districts, county boundaries, city boundaries, and voting districts.
Redistricting, carried out after the census, involves redrawing districts to better reflect the area's population and is often handled by third-party organizations or state legislators.
State legislators are primarily responsible for creating voting districts.
Some states use an independent commission for this purpose, but they are in the minority.
Gerrymandering methods include cracking (spreading like-minded voters across many districts) and packing (stacking like-minded voters into a few districts).
Gerrymandering can lead to unfair representation and decreased competition in political races.
Unitary States
Power is centralized at the national level.
Typically seen in smaller states with a homogeneous population.
Federal States
Power is distributed between the national and regional governments.
Used by states with a large geographic area or high diversity.
Refers to the transfer of political power from a central government to a regional government.
Factors leading to devolution include physical geography, cultural divisions, and political instability.
Ethnic separatism and cultural division can also contribute to devolutionary pressures.
Examples include the Basques, Catalans in Spain, and the Kurds in the Middle East.
Economic and social inequalities, government corruption, and irredentism can also lead to devolution.
Sometimes, a state may disintegrate, leading to the creation of new states.
Examples include South Sudan's independence from Sudan and the disintegration of the former Soviet Union.
Technological advancements and globalization can challenge a state's sovereignty.
Information sharing across the world can contribute to these challenges.
Social media and the internet can contribute to the devolution, disintegration, or new challenges for a state's sovereignty.
Access to more information can reduce the control and power of autocratic governments as people become more aware of their government's actions.
Advancements in technology and globalization have challenged state sovereignty, as countries need to consider the impact of their decisions on the global community.
Reliance on commodities such as oil and natural gas traded in the global market can make countries dependent on other states with these resources.
Supernational organizations, consisting of multiple countries, impact a country's sovereignty by working together to achieve common goals or address specific issues.
These organizations seek to maintain political stability in a region or around the world.
Centrifugal forces, such as uneven economic and social development, cultural differences, and political corruption, can divide people, a state, or a group.
Centripetal forces, including strong patriotism and shared history, language, and religion, help keep the state united and together.
State: geographic area with defined borders, permanent population, and sovereign government
Nation: a group of people with shared culture, history, and desire to govern themselves
Nation state: self-governing state with a uniform population and strong national identity
Examples: Japan, Iceland, South Korea
Multinational state: consists of multiple nations within its borders
Example: Canada with English and French linguistic groups
Multi-state nation: a nation that exists across multiple states
Example: Kurdish population in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Armenia, and Azerbaijan
Stateless nation: a nation with a history of self-determination but no officially recognized state
Example: Kurds and Basques
Autonomous region: located within a state, with a high degree of independence
Example: Native American reservations in the United States
Semi-autonomous region: controlled by another state, with a moderate degree of self-governance
Example: Hong Kong under the authority of the central government of China
Colonialism: acquiring territories to exert control
Imperialism: growing a state or empire by exerting force over other nations
Decolonization: process by which colonies gain independence from their colonizers
Devolution: transfer of political power from a central government to a regional government
Territoriality: the tendency to establish and defend a specific geographic area
Neocolonialism: indirect use of political, cultural, or economic power to influence or control another country
China's neocolonial tactics in Africa: investment in infrastructure, creating political alliances, and gaining more influence and control
Shatter belts are areas subject to political, cultural, and economic pressure from conflicting external powers, leading to instability and uncertainty.
Eastern Europe during the Cold War is an example, where people were caught in the conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union.
The Korean War also illustrates a shatter belt region, with both sides fighting for control of the Korean Peninsula, resulting in the splitting of North and South Korea.
Choke points are geographic areas that must be passed through to reach a destination, and controlling them holds significant political power.
Countries can exert influence over choke points by stationing military forces, investing in infrastructure, or creating treaties.
Examples of choke points include the Panama Canal, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Suez Canal.
Boundaries are defined, delimited, and demarcated, with various types such as geometric, antecedent, relic, superimposed, subsequent, and consequent boundaries.
Geometric boundaries follow latitude and longitude lines, while antecedent boundaries are determined by local geography.
The Berlin Wall represents a relic boundary, and subsequent boundaries in Europe are based on linguistic and cultural landscapes.
Consequent boundaries, like the Pakistan-India border, separate various ethnic, religious, or linguistic groups.
Stateless nations are geographic areas where no state has direct power or control.
International boundaries separate sovereign states and are established through treaties and agreements.
Internal boundaries separate regions within a single state and are used to distribute power and ensure representation.
Boundary disputes include definitional, locational, operational, and allocational disputes, often requiring third-party intervention for resolution.
The United Nations convention on the law of the sea (UNCLOS) addresses allocational boundary disputes in the sea, with territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones.
Internal boundaries, such as voting districts, are redrawn through redistricting to reflect changes in the population.
Territorial Waters extend 12 nautical miles from the shore, allowing states to set laws regulating passage by ships registered in other states.
The contiguous zone is between 12 and 24 nautical miles from the shore, where a state may enforce laws concerning pollution, taxation, customs, and immigration.
The exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extends 200 nautical miles, granting states the sole right to natural resources in the area.
Internal boundaries, established by the state's government, include congressional districts, county boundaries, city boundaries, and voting districts.
Redistricting, carried out after the census, involves redrawing districts to better reflect the area's population and is often handled by third-party organizations or state legislators.
State legislators are primarily responsible for creating voting districts.
Some states use an independent commission for this purpose, but they are in the minority.
Gerrymandering methods include cracking (spreading like-minded voters across many districts) and packing (stacking like-minded voters into a few districts).
Gerrymandering can lead to unfair representation and decreased competition in political races.
Unitary States
Power is centralized at the national level.
Typically seen in smaller states with a homogeneous population.
Federal States
Power is distributed between the national and regional governments.
Used by states with a large geographic area or high diversity.
Refers to the transfer of political power from a central government to a regional government.
Factors leading to devolution include physical geography, cultural divisions, and political instability.
Ethnic separatism and cultural division can also contribute to devolutionary pressures.
Examples include the Basques, Catalans in Spain, and the Kurds in the Middle East.
Economic and social inequalities, government corruption, and irredentism can also lead to devolution.
Sometimes, a state may disintegrate, leading to the creation of new states.
Examples include South Sudan's independence from Sudan and the disintegration of the former Soviet Union.
Technological advancements and globalization can challenge a state's sovereignty.
Information sharing across the world can contribute to these challenges.
Social media and the internet can contribute to the devolution, disintegration, or new challenges for a state's sovereignty.
Access to more information can reduce the control and power of autocratic governments as people become more aware of their government's actions.
Advancements in technology and globalization have challenged state sovereignty, as countries need to consider the impact of their decisions on the global community.
Reliance on commodities such as oil and natural gas traded in the global market can make countries dependent on other states with these resources.
Supernational organizations, consisting of multiple countries, impact a country's sovereignty by working together to achieve common goals or address specific issues.
These organizations seek to maintain political stability in a region or around the world.
Centrifugal forces, such as uneven economic and social development, cultural differences, and political corruption, can divide people, a state, or a group.
Centripetal forces, including strong patriotism and shared history, language, and religion, help keep the state united and together.
