ACro

Amino Acid Classification

  • Ketogenic Only: Lucky Lucifer → Lysine, Leucine

  • Both Ketogenic and Glucogenic: PITTT → Phenylalanine, Isoleucine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Threonine

  • Glucogenic Only: All remaining amino acids except the above.

Urea Cycle


"Orange Colored Cats Always Ask For Awesome Umbrellas"Ornithine, Citrulline, Carbamoyl phosphate, Argininosuccinate, Aspartate, Fumarate, Arginine, Urea.

Krebs (TCA) Cycle


"Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?"Citrate, Isocitrate, Ketoglutarate, Succinyl-CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate.

Purine Biosynthesis


"Great Cats Fear Angry Gorillas"Glutamine, Carbon dioxide, Formate, Aspartate, Glycine.

Pyrimidine Biosynthesis


"Carb Aspires Orphan's Under Control"Carbamoyl phosphate, Aspartate, Orotate, UTP, CTP.

Nitrogen Cycle


"Fix A Nice Dinner Party"Fixation (N2 → NH3), Ammonification (Organic N → NH3), Nitrification (NH3 → NO2⁻ → NO3⁻), Denitrification (NO3⁻ → N2), Protein assimilation (NH3 → Organic N).

Insulin Effects


"Get Fat Greatly Please"Increases glycogen synthesis, fat synthesis, glucose uptake, and protein synthesis.

Fatty Acid Oxidation


"All Crazy Dogs Hydrate Kissably"Acyl-CoA activation, Carnitine shuttle, Dehydrogenation, Hydration, Ketone production.

Hormonal Regulation


  • Starvation (Glucagon): "Gone For Starvation"Increases glycogen breakdown, fatty acid oxidation, and gluconeogenesis.


  • Fed State (Insulin): "Good Sugar Before Fat"Increases glycogen synthesis, sugar uptake, fat synthesis, and decreases blood glucose.

Essential Amino Acids


"PVT TIM HALL"Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine (conditionally essential), Arginine, Lysine, Leucine.

DNA/RNA Bases

  • Purines: Adenine, Guanine

  • Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine.

Glycolysis Intermediates


"Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go Buy Perfect Pumpkins"Glucose, Glucose-6-phosphate, Fructose-6-phosphate, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, DHAP, G3P, Bisphosphoglycerate, Phosphoglycerate, PEP, Pyruvate.

Cholesterol Biosynthesis Pathway


"Are More Idiots Skilled Creators of Lanosterol?"Acetyl-CoA, Mevalonate, Isoprenes, Squalene, Cholesterol.

DNA Replication Steps



Beta-Oxidation Products


"FAK! Go To Prison"FADH2, Acyl-CoA shortened by 2 carbons, Ketone bodies, Glucose sparing, TCA intermediates, Proteins spared.