Speech Final
Chapter 1: The Person
o Ethics- a person’s sense of right and wrong
o Communication- the proc ess of sending and receiving messages
Types of communication: verbal, nonverbal, written
o Sender (1)- a person who transmits a message
o Message (2)- that which is sent or said
o Receiver (3)- a person who intercepts a message and then decodes it
o Feedback (4 to 1)- a reaction that a receiver gives to a message offered by a sender
o Communication Barrier- any obstacle that gets in the way of effective communication
Barriers: attitudinal, social, educational, cultural, environmental
o Nonverbal Communication vs Verbal Communication- nonverbal: facial expressions or body movements used to express attitudes or moods about a person, situation, or idea, verbal: communication that is primarily spoken
o Intrapersonal Communication vs Interpersonal Communication- intrapersonal: dialogue conducted with oneself to assess one’s thoughts, feelings, and reactions, interpersonal: transmittal of messages between two or more people
o Oratory- the art or study of public speaking
o Stereotyping- making a distorted mental image of someone or something on the basis of an oversimplified opinion, a prejudiced attitude, or an unexamined judgement held in common by members of a group
Chapter 2 – Building Confidence
Stage Fright- nervousness before or during an appearance before an audience.
Empathy- a sincere understanding of the feelings, thoughts, and motives of others
Common Ground- a shared goal or interest
Planks of Confidence ( pg 41-the chart at the bottom)- content, organization, notes, friendliness, impression, dedication, empathy, newness, conviction, enthusiasm
Chapter 4: Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Message- something communicated without words, as through facial expressions and body language
Body Language- the way one uses his or her body to send messages
Gesture- body language involving hand or arm movement
Personal Space- 1 ½ -4 feet
Intimate Distance- under 18 inches
Social Distance- 4 -12 feet
Public Distance- over 12 feet
Chapter 7: Group Discussion
Discussion- a cooperative exchange of information, opinions, and ideas
Panel- an informal discussion that takes place before an audience
Forum- a post-panel discussion in which panel members invite questions and comments from the audience
Round Table- a special panel discussion in which a small group of participants talk about a topic of common concern while sitting around a table, or in an open circle
Symposium- a formal discussion in which several experts present, in the form of short speeches, a variety of points of view (after which an open discussion between experts and audience may follow)
Town Hall Meeting- traditionally, a discussion in which a group of citizens meets in a public place to discuss community problems and vote on possible solutions
Moderator- the person in a group who leads discussion- getting it started, keeping it on track, and bringing it to a close
Consensus- a nearly unanimous agreement among group members about a particular solution
Groupthink- a tendency to go along with a group, even at the cost of abandoning one’s personal beliefs
Cohesion- a quality of group discussion in which members have respect for each other, share similar values, and rely on one another for support
Chapter 9: Organizing Your Speech
Introduction- the beginning of a speech, containing the attention-getter, the link statement, the thesis statement, and frequently a preview statement
Rhetorical Questions- a question that asked merely for effect, and thus not requiring an answer
Quotations- the repetition of someone else’s exact words
Anecdotes/Narratives- a brief story used to illustrate a point
Link- in debate, an explanation by the negative team demonstrating that the affirmative plan has a direct link to its disadvantage, in a speech, the statement in the introduction that comes between the attention-getter and the thesis statement and logically connects the two
Thesis Statement- the statement that presents the overall purpose of a speech
Preview of Main Points- stated in thesis statement
Transition- a word or phrase in a speech that connects one part of the speech to the next
Chronological Pattern- a pattern of organization that arranges elements in time sequence, or in the order in which they happened
Climactic Pattern- a pattern of organization that arranges elements in order of importance
Spatial Pattern- a pattern of organization that arranges the elements on the basis of spatial or situational relationships
Cause-Effect Pattern- a pattern of organization that arranges elements of an argument i a “this caused this” sequence
Problem-Solution Format (Problem-Cause-Solution)- a pattern of organization that presents a problem and then provides possible solutions
KNOW THE OUTLINE FORMAT SHEET.
Chapter 11: Effective Language
Concrete Word- a word that names a thing that can be perceived through the senses
Abstract Word- a word that names in intangible, such as a quality, an attribute, or a concept
Denotation- the basic and generally understood meaning of a word found in the dictionary
Connotation- the range of meanings and feelings associated with a word by an individual, based on personal experience
Imagery- language that communications sense experience (creating mental pictures) or that calls to mind emotions or ideas that tend to go with certain sensations
Metaphor- a figure of speech that compares two unlike things by saying one thing is the other thing (without using life or as)
Simile- a figure of speech that compares two unlike things by using like or as
Allusion- an indirect reference to a well-known person, place, thing, or idea
Irony- a figure of speech using words that imply the opposite of what they seem to say on the surface
Hyperbole- a method of saying more than what is true, or exaggerating, for the sake of emphasis
Personification- giving human characteristics to nonhuman things
Euphemism- an expression substituted for another expression that may be offensive or distasteful
Parallelism- the use of the same grammatical form to express ideas that should logically be treated equally
Jargon- the specialized vocabulary of people in the same profession or other grou
Slang- a type of language that consists of words and phrases that are regarded as very informal, are more common in speech than writing, and are typically restricted to a particular context or group of people
Alliteration- the repetition of the same sounds- usually consonants at the beginning of words- in words that are close together
Repetition- the act or process of repeating
Denotation- the basic and generally understood meaning of a word found in the dictionary
Connotation- the range of meanings and feelings associated with a word by an individual, based on personal experience
Chapter 12: DELIVERY
o Manuscript Method- a delivery method in which the speaker writes and subsequently reads the speech, word for word
o Memorized Method- a delivery method in which the speaker memorizes and then gives the speech word for word without using notes
o Extemporaneous Method- a delivery method in which the speaker refers only to notes or a brief outline
o Impromptu Method- a delivery method that is completely unrehearsed, using no notes and relying on the speaker’s ability to offer an immediate verbal response
o Vocalized Pause- a meaningless utterance used to fill moments when a speaker is not sure what to say next
o Rate- the speed at which a person speaks
o Pitch- the vocal notes (highs and lows) that a speaker reaches while speaking
o Monotone- a tone in which words are delivered at the same rate and pitch without variation
o Inflection- the altering of a speaker’s tone or pitch to create emphasis
o Articulation- the crispness and distinctness of an utterance
Chapter 13 – Informative Speaking
Public Lecture- a lecture delivered to a community or school group
Status Report- a report summarizing a group’s achievements and goals
Briefing- a speech informing members of a group of changes in policy or procedure
Fireside Chat- a speech in which a leader informally addresses the concerns, worries, and issues of a group
Chalk Talk- a speech in which the speaker uses a visual aid, such as a chalkboard or whiteboard- to convey information
Chapter 14: Persuasive Speaking
o Uncommitted Audience- an audience that is neutral or has not made up its mind about a speaker’s topic
o Indifferent Audience- an audience that is apathetic or uninterested in the speaker and his or her topic, often because the audience does not find the topic relevant to their personal situation
o Captive Audience- an audience that has been forced to attend
o Opposed Audience- an audience that is hostile to a speaker or to the speaker’s topic or position
o Disclaimer- a speaker’s attempt to explain what is not to be inferred from the speech; an acknowledgement of incomplete knowledge of a subject
o Logos (a greek word for logic and reason- associated with Aristotle's logical appeal), Ethos (greek word for character- associated with Aristotle’s personal(ethical) appeal), Pathos (a greek word for feelings and emotions- associated with Aristotle’s emotional appeal),
o Goodwill- a genuine interest or concern
Chapter 17- Special Occasion Speeches
Commencement Address- a speech given during a graduation ceremony
Commemorative Speech- an inspiring speech recalling heroic events or persons
Testimonial Speech- a speech of praise or celebration honoring a living person
Eulogy- a speech praising or honoring someone who has died
Oral Interpretation- the art of communicating works of literature by reading aloud