Third Mid-Quarter Cognitive Study Guide

Third Mid-Quarter Cognitive Study Guide: Shock + Bleeding

• What are the parts of the Cardiovascular System?

  • Heart: Pumps blood throughout the body.

  • Blood vessels: Includes arteries, veins, and capillaries for blood transport.

  • Blood: Carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials.

• What do the Systolic and Diastolic parts of the blood pressure measure?

  • Systolic pressure measures the pressure against the walls of arteries when the heart beats and pumps blood, while diastolic pressure indicates the pressure left over in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.

  • The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and diastolic. 120/80 = 40

• What is required for profusion to be adequate?

A Team effort of the heart, blood, and blood vessels in order to have adequate movement and amount of nutrients and waste removal throughout the body is essential for ensuring that all tissues receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients for proper function.

• What is the pulse rate that tells you a patient is in shock:

  • If they have a thready pulse (very weak and rapid) as trying to compensate and only gets worse

  • If you see a child that is Bradycardia- immediately treat them for shock and move fast

• Blood Pressure

  • Compensated = normal, decompensated = hypotensive

• Define the following:

  (these are all types of distributive shock)

  • Anaphylactic Shock: A severe shock as a result of an allergic reaction, wide spread vasodilation. hypotension, angioedema, stridor or wheezing, urticaria (hives), and gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea, tachycardia.

  • Psychogenic Shock: a temporary loss of consciousness caused by emotional stress or trauma, leading to a drop in blood flow to the brain. Every blood vessel in your body dilates, causing for your BP to drop and you most likely lose consciousness.

  • Neurogenic Shock: Circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, leading to widespread dilation. Commonly seen in patients with spinal cord injuries

  • Septic Shock: Shock caused by a severe infection (usually bacterial)

Types of shock

• distributive = shock characterized by the redistribution of blood flow due to the widening of blood vessels, which can lead to inadequate supply of oxygen to vital organs.

• hypovolemic = loss of fluids in the body (elderly and pedis are more susceptible)

• Obstructive = Something is blocking it

  • Tamponade, tension pneumothorax, and pulmonary embolism

• Cardiogenic = sick heart that cannot pump effectively, leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen delivery to the organs.

• Know the parts of the heart and their locations

• What are the parts of the blood and what do they do?

  • White Blood cells: Responsible for defending the body against infections and foreign invaders.

  • Platelets: clotting

  • Plasma: fluid that carries it

  • Red blood cells: carry oxygen and other nutrients (120 days lifespan) throughout the body, playing a crucial role in maintaining overall health and supporting cellular function. For sickle cell, the red blood cells become rigid and shaped like a crescent moon, which can lead to blockages in blood vessels, causing pain and various health complications. These red blood cells don’t last very long, about 10-20 days

• How much blood can a person donate at one ti
  me?

  • ½ L, 2 cups, 1 pint, 500mil (all the same)(over the time of 15-20 min)

  • half of the critical blood loss (10%?)

• 1000 ml- 1L- 2 units of blood you can loose for a femur

• What is it called when a person’s blood cannot clot?

  • Hemophilia

• How can you tell if fluid contains cerebrospinal fluid?

• If you dab the blood (primarily in the ears i think) and it appears like a taget or halo this is most likely spinal fluid

• When would you use the following?

  • Pelvic binder: Suspected pelvic injury (especially when shock is probable)

  • KED (Kendrick Extrication Device): Used for immobilizing patients with suspected spinal injuries during extrication from vehicles or confined spaces.

  • Back Board: Suspected spinal

In older patients what is commonly the first sign of atruamatic internal hemorrhage?

• syncope : A sudden loss of consciousness or fainting, indicating a potential decrease in blood volume due to bleeding.

• Weakness/dizziness

Third Mid-Quarter Cognitive Study Guide: Chest, Head, & Spine Injuries

Chapter 29 Head and spine injuries

• What are the parts of the nervous system?

  • CNS: Brain/Spinal Cord

  • Peripheral: 12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves

  • Motor Nerves: each does one muscle and carries to them from the CNS

  • Sensory Nerves: Receives on type of information only and carries it to the CNS for processing, primarily related to sensations such as touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.

• Which part of the brain controls voluntary motor functions?

  • Cerebrum: The cerebral cortex is responsible for planning, controlling, and executing voluntary movements,

  • Cerebellum: The cerebellum coordinates muscle movements and maintains posture and balance, ensuring smooth and accurate execution of voluntary movements.

  • Brainstem: The brainstem regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate, breathing, and reflex actions, thereby supporting essential bodily functions necessary for voluntary activities.

  • In order what is the smallest to biggest and location of each part:

    • Cerebrum: largest mass of the brain located at the top, integrating sensory information and coordinating movement.

• What are the two types of peripheral nerves and what do they do?

  • Spinal and Cranial; the spinal nerves transmit information between the spinal cord and the rest of the body, while cranial nerves connect the brain directly with different regions of the head and neck.

  • Sensory nerves carry incoming sensory information to the brain, allowing for the perception of stimuli, whereas motor nerves control muscle movements by sendin7 g signals from the brain to the muscles.

  • Motor nerves: responsible for transmitting signals that enable movement and coordination of voluntary actions throughout the body.

• How many vertebrae do you have and how many are in each section?

  7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal vertebrae make up the entire spinal column, totaling 33 vertebrae in a typical adult.

• What nerve is gets rid of the ability to breathe?

  • 2-3 the ability to breathe and control diaphragm movement when damaged, which is primarily associated with the phrenic nerve.

• Describe the following:

  • Raccoon eyes = periorbital ecchymosis, a condition characterized by bruising around the eyes, often indicative of head trauma.

  • Battle signs = bruises that appear over the mastoid process, usually a sign of a skull base fracture.

  • Linear skull fracture = a type of skull fracture that follows a linear path, often resulting from blunt trauma.

    • Usual no physical signs. makes up 80% of head injuries

  • Basilar skull fractures = fractures that occur at the base of the skull, often associated with serious underlying brain injuries and may present with signs such as cerebrospinal fluid leakage from the nose or ears, bruising behind the ears (Battle's sign), or raccoon eyes.

  • Depressed skull fractures = a type of fracture where the bone is pushed inward, often requiring surgical intervention to repair the damage and relieve pressure on the brain.

  • Coup-contrecoup injury = a type of brain injury that occurs when the brain impacts the skull at the site of the impact (coup) and then rebounds to strike the opposite side of the skull (contrecoup), potentially leading to damage on both sides of the brain.

Chapter 30 Chest Injuries

• Define

  • Ventilation = the process of moving air in and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange, ensuring that oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled.

  • Pneumothorax = the presence of air in the pleural space, which can lead to lung collapse and impaired ventilation.

  • Cardiac tamponade = the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space, leading to increased pressure on the heart and reduced cardiac output.

  • Pulmonary contusion = bruising of lung tissue due to blunt chest trauma, often resulting in localized hemorrhage, impaired gas exchange, and respiratory distress.

  • Blunt myocardial injury = damage to the heart muscle resulting from blunt force trauma, which can lead to arrhythmias, cardiac dysfunction, and potentially life-threatening complications.

  • Traumatic asphyxia: due to crushing injuries, sudden and severe crushing chest

  • Commotio cordis: a cardiac concussion resulting from a blunt impact to the chest, leading to arrhythmias and potentially fatal outcomes if not promptly recognized.

  • Cardiac tamponade: accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space, leading to reduced cardiac output and potential cardiovascular collapse.

    • Beck’s triad is cardiac tamponade signs:

      • Narrowing Pulse Pressure: occurs when the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreases, indicating worsening cardiac function due to compromised filling of the heart.

      • Jugular venous distension: increased pressure in the jugular veins

      • Muffled heart sounds: a characteristic finding upon auscultation that indicates fluid accumulation.

• Cushing’s reflex is due to intracranial pressure = increase BP decreased heart rate and irregular respirations, commonly seen in severe head injuries or conditions affecting the brain that elevate intracranial pressure.