SCI 8 REVIEWER - 1st Term

SCI REVIEWER FIRST SUMMATIVE

Outline:

  • Life Processes
  • Biological Discoveries
  • Filipino & Foreign Scientists
  • The Microscope: Parts & Their Functions

Introduction to Biology

Biology (bio (life) + logos (to study))

  • Deals with the study of living organisms and their life processes

Biology is split to three main parts:

  1. Zoology - Animals
  2. Botany - Plants
  3. Microbiology - Microorganisms such as Bacteria, viruses, and organisms

TRADITIONAL FIELDS OF BIOLOGY

Taxonomy

naming and classification

Embryology

formation and development of organisms

Cytology

cell structure and function

Morphology

Forms and structures of organisms

Genetics

heredity and variation

Evolution

Origin and differentiation of organisms

Ecology

organism-environment relationship

Biochemistry

Biochemical composition

Physiology

parts and functions of organisms

Immunology

Immune system

L1: LIFE PROCESSES

  • This distinguishes living things from non-living things.
  1. Cellular Organization
  • Cells → Tissue → Organs → Organ System → Organism
  1. Energy Processing
  • The constant energy requirement of a living thing.
  • Metabolism: chemical reactions in the body cells that change food into energy
    • Anabolism - The process wherein energy is used to break down complex molecules into simpler ones.
    • Catabolism - The process of creating complex molecules from simpler molecules to release energy.
  1. Growth & Development
  2. Response to Stimuli/Homeostasis
  3. Adaptability to one’s environment
  4. Capability of reproduction
  5. Locomotion and movement
  6. Digestion and excretion
  7. Respiration

L2 & 3: FOREIGN AND LOCAL BIOLOGISTS AND THEIR DISCOVERIES

FOREIGN SCIENTISTS

  1. Aristotle
  • Father of Biology
  • Father of Zoology
  • First known attempt to classify animals into groups according to their similarities and differences.
  1. Carolus Linnaeus
  • Father of Taxonomy
  • Published Systema Naturae and Species Plantarum.
  • Developed a more systematic way to classify animals and plants.
  • Binomial nomenclature - the system of naming organisms using two Latin words (Scientific Name)
  1. Louis Pasteur
  • Pastuerization - process of killing microorganisms by heating
  • Developed vaccines against anthrax, cholera, and rabies
  1. Charles Darwin
  • Father of Evolution
  • Published “On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” which became the basis for the Theory of evolution.
  1. Alexander Fleming
  • Penicillin - antibiotic from mold species
  1. Rosalind Franklin
  • Contributed in understanding the molecular structures of DNA.
  1. James Watson and Francis Crick
  • Made clarifications about DNA.
  • Discovered the double-helix model which gave rise to modern molecular biology.

LOCAL SCIENTISTS

  1. Francisco Fronda
  • Father of Poultry Science in the Philippines
  • Father of Thai Poultry Industry
  • Contributed to the development of poultry in the Philippines and in Asia.
  1. Benjamin Cabrera
  • Publishes more than one hundred studies about parasitology and public health.
  • Conducted a study on filariasis– a parasitic disease from the infestation of nematode worms.
  1. Paulo Campos
  • Established the first and best-known Radioisotope Laboratory in the country
  1. Clara Lim-Sylianco
  • Studied mutagens, antimutagens, and bioorganic mechanisms and made lots of publications about them.
  • Her books are used in colleges throughout the country for studying chemistry.
  1. Quintin Kintanar
  • He did pharmacological studies of Philippine medicinal plants and fat, liver, and lipoprotein metabolism.
  • He did a study on the safety and effectiveness of coconut water as an intravenous fluid.
  1. William Padolina
  • Contributions on natural products, coconut chemistry, biotechnology, and in research.

L4: MICROSCOPE: PARTS & THEIR FUNCTIONS

Compound Microscope

  • An instrument that is used to view magnified images of small specimens on a glass slide
  • Has three sections:
  1. Mechanical parts: adjustments and support
  2. Magnifying parts: enlarging the specimen
  3. Illuminating parts: providing light

MECHANICAL PARTS

  1. Base - bottommost portion; supports the entire microscope
  2. Stage - platform where the specimen is placed
  3. Stage Clips - secures the specimen onto the stage
  4. Aperture - hole in the stage through which the base light reaches the stage
  5. Body Tube - attached to the arm; bears the lenses
  6. Draw Tube - cylinder structure on top of the body tube that holds the ocular lenses
  7. Revolving/Rotating Nosepiece - rotating disc where the objectives are attached
  8. Dust Shield - lies at the top of the nosepiece; keeps dust from settling on the objectives
  9. Coarse Adjustment Knob - knob used to elevate/lower the stage to bring the specimen into approximate focus
  10. Fine Adjustment Knob - smaller knob for delicate focusing bringing the specimen into perfect focus (sharpening details)
  11. Condenser Adjustment Knob - elevates/lowers the condenser to regulate the intensity of light
  12. Iris Diaphragm Lever - for opening/closing the diaphragm

ILLUMINATING PARTS

  1. Electric Lamp - built-in illuminator beneath the stage

MAGNIFYING PARTS

  • Ocular/Eyepiece - lenses found on top of the body tube to magnify the image produced by the objective lenses; ranges from 5X to 15X
  • Objective Lenses - metal cylinders attached below the nosepiece for magnification
  • Low Power Objective (LPO) - lowest magnification (10x)
  • High Power Objective (HPO) - higher magnification (40x)
  • Oil Immersion Objective (OIO) - highest magnification (100x); usually used with synthetic oil or cedar wood