Period 4

• Divided Political Parties

Federalists: Strong central government + yay manufacturing

Democratic-Republicans: Limited central government + yay farming

• Thomas Jefferson: 1800-1808

Repealed the whiskey tax

Minimized the size of the army and reducing the # of federal jobs

• Louisiana Purchase - 1803

America only wanted access to the river

Napoleon offered the whole land for $15 million, which James Monroe happily agreed to

The purchase went against Jefferson’s ideals

• Corps of discovery - 1806

• Merriewether Lewis and William Clark

• Zebulon Pike

Established relations with natives in the region

Greater scientific knowledge

• John Marshall

• Marbury V. Madison

Established Judicial Review

• Mcculloch V. Maryland

National law trumps state laws when they contradict

• Barbary Pirates

US Navy fought the pirates for attacking merchant ships, but jefferson later agreed to a lower rate of protection

• War of 1812

• Causes:

1. Increased Impressment

2. Issues on the frontier(Britain aided Natives who were attacking settlers)

• Positions

Democratic-Republicans: War-Hawks

Federalists: Despised the war

Hartford convention: Federalists threatened to secede from the Union

• Outcome:

Didn't win, didn't lose

Giant swell in nationalism

Demise of the Federalist Party

• American Weaknesses

Lack of infrastructure

Nacked national credit without a national bank

• American System: Henry Clay - 1815

1. Federally funded internal improvements

Rejected by Madison and Monroe because the extra spending was viewed as unnecessary

2. Federal Tariffs

3. 2nd National Bank

• Regional Tension

Increase in settlement in the frontier

Bitter debates over slavery

• Admission would tip the balance in the senate if admitted

• Tallmadge Amendment

Ban slavery in Missouri in the state after 25 years(Not Passed)

• Missouri Compromise - 1820

Missouri admitted as a slave state

New state: Maine, added as a free state

36-30 line: land above the line must be free, land below must be slave

• War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent left some things unclear, mainly with Canada

JQA was sent to talk things out: Joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years

• War of 1817

Seminole Indians and runaway slaves were raiding US territory

• Andrew Jackson

Order Jackson to NEVER engage directly with Spanish forces

ATTACKED 2 SPANISH FORTS, EXECUTED 2 SEMINOLE CHIEFS, AND KILLED 2 BRITISH CITIZENS

Britain and Spain hushed their outrage to avoid war

• Adams-Onis Treaty

Sold Florida to America

• Monroe Doctrine

The lands and nations of the western hemisphere were our business and Europe should not intervene in any type of way

• Trade

Great trade with Mexico and China

Led to the Market Revolution

• National Road

Cumberland Road: Connected Maryland to Illinois

• Transportation

Canals: Erie Canal: Linked western farms with eastern manufacturing - 1825

Steamboats: Could travel both ways of a river

Railroad: Could travel long distances quickly

• Industrial Technology

• Interchangeable parts - Eli Whitney

• Factory system

Factories could mass produce interchangeable parts with unskilled workers

• Agriculture

Cotton Gin: increased production of cotton massively

• Cash Crops

Cotton, tobacco, rice, indigo, sugar, etc

Commercial farming: farming purely to sell the crops

Linked American farms to international places

• Migration

Many European immigrants left for jobs, democracy, or other issues

Many settled in the eastern seaboard to work in factories

Many immigrants established centers for their religions

Some moved past the appalachians and into the Ohio River Valley

• Nativists

Jews were labeled as voracious under-handed money-lenders

Catholics were labeled as agents of the pope to overturn American Culture

• Middle Class

First emerged in the North

Education

Temperance

Protestant affiliation

Had money to spend on leisure activities

• Women

• Cult of Domesticity: A woman's purpose in life is to have babies and raise them while providing a haven to her husband

Mainly in middle class

• Factories

Meager wages for 12-13 hours a day

Lowell Factory

Nothing :(

• Panic of 1819

• Causes

Many state banks went bankrupt due to irresponsible actions by the National Bank

Decrease in the demand for American goods

• Effects

Unemployment skyrocketed

Bankruptcies occurred everywhere

Many were jailed because they could not pay their debts

Wanted to hold the politicians accountable

• Voting Rights

Most states require you to own land to vote

Changed after the Panic of 1819 as many states lessened their requirements, if not getting rid of them all together

• Factions

Democratic-Republicans

• Election of 1824

4 candidates: Henry Clay, JQA, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson

• Corrupt Bargain

Jackson had the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, but did not get majority, leaving the decision up to the H of R

Clay, as he came in last, threw his support behind adams, getting him elected

Adams later named Clay his secretary of state

• Tariffs: Tax on imported goods

• Protective Tariff

Raises prices on imported goods so domestically made goods are cheaper

• Tariff of 1828

Raised prices 40%

Helped northern manufacturers and western farmers, but hurt southern who relied on imported goods

Called the “Tariff of Abominations” by the south

• Nullification

John C. Calhoun(VP) said that if a state judged a law to be unconstitutional, they could nullify its effect

• Force Bill

Jackson could respond with military action

Tariff ended up being reduced

• 2nd National Bank

Stabilized the economy

Jackson vetoed the recharter of the bank

• Indian Removal Act - 1830

All Natives must be relocated west of the Mississippi River

• Worcester V. Georgia

Natives fought this law in court

Supreme court said that Georgia had not rights to impose laws within Cherokee boundaries

• Treaty of New Echota

A few Cherokee met US delegates without tribal sanction and signed the Treaty of New Echota

Exchanged Cherokee lands for the eastern reservation west of the Mississippi

• Trail of Tears

Many became sick and died during the journey

• Eastern Band of Cherokee

Many decided to resist removal, eventually settling in west North Carolina

Later became citizens

• Romanticism

Heavy in emotions and desire

• Architecture

Greek and Roman revival

• Literature

• James Fennimore Cooper: The Last of the Mohicans

Romanticized the west

• Washington Irving: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

Recast America into fantasy

• Daniel Webster: The Dictionary

Standardized spelling and pronunciation of America English

• Art

• Hudson River School

Portrayed dramatic renditions of untouched land in the West

Thought that settlers were spoiling this land

• Transcendentalism

Divinity and beauty of nature

Human Perfectibility

• Ralph Waldo Emerson

Emphasized individualism and self-reliance

• Henry David Thoreau

Tested to see if human perfection was attainable

• Utopian Communities

• Shakers

Disliked man and women having conjugal relationships

Fizzled out due to lack of people

• Oneida

Dedicated to perfect equality

One giant communal family: everybody was everybody’s spouse and every kid was everybody’s kid

Made some spankin silverware

!!The Second Great Awakening: A series of religious revivals among Protestant Christians that emphasized righteous living, personal restraint, and a strong moral rectitude that would lead a person and society to salvation!!

• Camp Meetings

Multiple preachers spoke throughout the day, for multiple days

All types of people, mainly lower class

• Market Revolution

Individuals learned that their success was in their own hands

• Causes

1. Different messages in preaching: Your salvation and sins are dependent on your actions, and is not up to god

2. Rising amounts of Democratic and Individualistic beliefs

3. Rejection of rationalism over romanticism

!!People wanted to use their feely feely parts instead of their thinky thinky parts!!

• Preachers

• Charles Grandison Finney

Less cerebral and god-centered

Preached with great emotion and in plain languages

Moral in nature

4.11 - An Age of Reform

How and why did various reform movements develop and expand from 1800-1848?

4.12 - African Americans in the Early Republic

• Culture

Continued using their African Names and languages

Told their folk tales, music, and dance

Spread throughout plantations when they saw each other

Maintained their religions

Many Southerners tried restricting their actions to get rid of their culture

• Resistance

• Nat Turner’s Rebellion - 1831

Killed 57 white people before being killed themselves

Many slaves were killed as a result of this

• Amistad Rebellion - 1839

The cook said that the Africans would be killed, salted, and cooked 😦😦😦😦

They took over the ship, killing the captain and the cook

Became a Supreme Court case: United States V. The Amistad

Africans were set free

• Difficulties

Deemed a crime to teach a slave to read or write

Many Southern states made it illegal to free slaves

Outlawed marriage

Took their access from the courts

• Twisted Mindset of the South: Africans were the equivalent of farm animals, and thus benefited from slavery