C1 cards

🧠 SCIENCE 10 – CHAPTER 1 FLASHCARDS

🔬 Characteristics of Life

  1. Q: What are the 5 main characteristics of living things?
    A: Need energy, produce waste, respond/adapt, reproduce, grow.

  2. Q: Are viruses alive? Why or why not?
    A: No; they can’t reproduce or metabolize without a host.

  3. Q: What is a prion?
    A: Infectious protein that causes disease by misfolding other proteins.

🧪 Abiogenesis vs Biogenesis

  1. Q: What is abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)?
    A: The idea that life can arise from non-living matter.

  2. Q: Who disproved abiogenesis using meat and jars?
    A: Francesco Redi.

  3. Q: What did Louis Pasteur’s swan-neck flask experiment show?
    A: Microorganisms come from other life, not air—supporting biogenesis.

  4. Q: Who formally proposed biogenesis in 1858?
    A: Rudolf Virchow.

🧫 Discovery of Cells

  1. Q: Who named cells after seeing cork under a microscope?
    A: Robert Hooke.

  2. Q: What did van Leeuwenhoek observe with his microscope?
    A: Moving single-celled organisms ("animalcules").

🔍 Cell Theory

  1. Q: What are the three parts of cell theory?
    A: All living things are made of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells come from other cells.

  2. Q: Who helped develop cell theory through studying plant and animal cells?
    A: Schleiden and Schwann.

🧬 Types of Cells

  1. Q: What are prokaryotic cells?
    A: Simple cells with no nucleus (e.g., bacteria).

  2. Q: What are eukaryotic cells?
    A: Complex cells with a nucleus and organelles.

  3. Q: What types of cells are studied in Science 10?
    A: Eukaryotic plant and animal cells.

🔬 Microscopes

  1. Q: Who created the first compound microscope?
    A: Zacharias Janssen.

  2. Q: How do you calculate total magnification on a light microscope?
    A: Ocular lens Ă— objective lens (e.g., 10x Ă— 40x = 400x).

  3. Q: What is field of view in microscopy?
    A: The visible area when looking through the microscope.

  4. Q: What is a limitation of light microscopes?
    A: Limited resolution due to light wavelengths.

đź’ˇ Advanced Microscopes

  1. Q: What does a TEM do?
    A: Sends electrons through thin samples for 2D images (10,000x–100,000x).

  2. Q: What does an SEM do?
    A: Scans surfaces to make 3D images (10,000x–300,000x).

🧬 Cell Technology

  1. Q: What is gene sequencing?
    A: Identifying the order of DNA bases (A, T, C, G) in genes.

  2. Q: What is a HeLa cell?
    A: An immortal cancer cell line from Henrietta Lacks.

  3. Q: Why are HeLa cells important?
    A: Used worldwide in cancer and genetics research.

🌱 Stem Cells & Epigenetics

  1. Q: What is a stem cell?
    A: A cell that hasn’t specialized and can become many cell types.

  2. Q: What is the epigenome?
    A: Chemical modifications that regulate gene expression without changing DNA.