Anatomy Exam Study Notes- Lilah

Exam Format and Expectations

  • The written component of the exam is one hour and thirty minutes.

  • Includes multiple-choice, short answer, and essay questions from all topics this semester.

Unit 7.4: Introduction to Anatomy

  • Resources:

    • Slide Show for Human Body

    • Types of Tissue

    • Study Guide

    • Assessment Review

    • Human Systems Tutorial

    • Interactive Games - Body Systems Overview, Characteristics of Life

Vocabulary/Definition

  • Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment.

  • Feedback loop: A biological mechanism where the output of a system amplifies or diminishes the original effect.

  • Stem cell: Undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

  • Cell specialization: The process where cells become specialized in structure and function.

  • Levels of organization: Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.

  • Tissue: A group of similar cells performing a specific function.

  • Organ: A structure composed of different tissues working together.

  • Organ system: A group of organs working together to perform a specific function.

  • Stress: a condition that can disrupt homeostasis.

Concepts/Skills

  • List the four types of tissue: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

  • Describe each of the four types of tissue (1 per flashcard).

  • List the major body systems (organs and functions).

  • Describe each of the major body systems (1 per card).

  • Describe how each system contributes to homeostasis (1 per card).

  • Define positive feedback with an example.

  • Define negative feedback with an example.

  • Draw and explain a model of positive or negative feedback.

  • Analyze a graph depicting data collected from the body to describe the efficacy of feedback processes.

Positive Feedback:

Enhances or amplifies changes; the output intensifies the initial stimulus. Example: childbirth, where contractions increase in intensity and frequency due to oxytocin.

Negative Feedback:

Reduces or reverses changes; the output reduces the initial stimulus to maintain stability. Example: regulation of body temperature or blood glucose levels.

Unit 7.5: Skeletal System

  • Resources:

    • Unit Slide Show

    • Study Guide

    • Unit 7.5 Review Skeletal System

    • Interactive Games

Vocabulary/Definition

  • List the parts of a bone:

    • Compact bone: Dense outer layer of bone.

    • Medullary cavity: Cavity within the bone containing bone marrow.

    • Haversian canal: Channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves.

    • Red marrow: Bone marrow where red blood cells are produced.

    • Yellow marrow: Bone marrow consisting mainly of fat cells.

    • Cartilage: Flexible connective tissue found in joints.

    • Spongy bone: Porous bone tissue containing red marrow.

    • Periosteum: Outer covering of bone

  • Ossification: The process of bone formation.

  • Bone cells (define each):

    • Osteoblast: Bone-forming cells.

    • Osteocyte: Mature bone cells.

    • Osteoclast: Bone-resorbing cells.

  • Joint: Where two bones meet.

  • Ligament: Connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

  • Diseases of the skeletal system:

    • Arthritis: Joint inflammation.

    • Osteoporosis: Loss of bone density.

    • Fractures: Breaks in the bone.

Concepts

  • Identify/Describe the structures and functions of the skeletal system.

  • List the types of joints, with examples of each.

  • Structure of the typical human bone.

  • Think about… Chicken wing dissection

Unit 7.6: The Muscular System

  • Resources:

    • Unit Slide Show

    • Study Guide

    • Review

    • Interactive Game

Vocabulary/Definition

  • Muscle: A tissue composed of cells capable of contracting

  • Types of control

    • Voluntary: Consciously controlled.

    • Involuntary: Not consciously controlled.

  • Types of muscle tissue

    • Smooth: Involuntary muscle found in the walls of internal organs.

    • Cardiac: Involuntary muscle found in the heart.

    • Skeletal: Voluntary muscle attached to bones.

    • Define each of the types of muscle tissue and their locations in the body

  • Striations: The banding pattern seen in skeletal and cardiac muscle.

  • Motor neuron: A nerve cell that controls muscle contraction.

  • Neuromuscular junction: The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

  • Actin: A protein that forms the thin filaments in muscle fibers.

  • Myosin: A protein that forms the thick filaments in muscle fibers.

  • Neurotransmitter (acetylcholine): A chemical messenger that transmits signals across a neuromuscular junction.

  • List the types of joint movements and the way that muscles create these movements (4 dif cards)

    • Adduction vs. abduction

    • Flexion vs. extension

    • Rotation vs. circumduction

    • Flexor (closes a joint)

  • Cytokine: Signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation and hematopoiesis

  • Protein: A molecule consisting of many amino acids

  • Tendon: Connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.

  • Strain: Injury to a muscle or tendon.

  • Tendonitis: Inflammation of a tendon.

Concepts

  • Identify/Describe the structures and functions of the system - list

  • Describe the molecular process of muscle growth and conditions necessary for growth.

  • Identify and describe disorders and diseases of the muscular system.

Unit 7.7: Circulatory System

  • Resources:

    • Circulatory System

    • Study Guide combined)

    • Interactive Game - Heart, Blood Circulation, Components of CS (matching), Blood Type, Blood Typing Lab

Vocabulary

  • Myocardium: The muscular tissue of the heart.

  • Atrium: An upper chamber of the heart.

  • Ventricle: A lower chamber of the heart.

  • Valve: A structure that prevents backflow of blood.

  • Pulmonary circulation: Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs.

  • Systemic circulation: Circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

  • Types of vessels - list and define

    • Artery: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

    • Vein: Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart.

    • Capillary: Small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs.

Concepts

  • Path of blood flow through the heart

  • Identify/Describe the structures and functions of the circulatory system

  • Types of blood vessels and the differences between them

  • Major human blood types

  • How to determine blood types

  • Blood type and compatibilities

  • Components of blood

Unit 7.8: The Respiratory System

  • Resources:

    • Respiratory System Slide Show

    • Study Guide

    • Interactive Game - Option one

Vocabulary/Define

  • Respiratory Tract - list the components

    • Mouth/Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

  • Inhalation: The act of breathing in.

  • Exhalation: The act of breathing out.

  • Vocal cords: Folds of tissue in the larynx that vibrate to produce sound.

  • Diaphragm: A muscle that helps with breathing.

Concepts

  • Identify/Describe structures and functions of the respiratory system

  • How O2 and CO2 are exchanged

Unit 7.9: The Digestive System

  • Resources:

    • Digestive System Slideshow

    • Handout and Diagram

    • Study Guide and Review

    • Labeling Game and Option Two, Macromolecule Basics

    • Digestive System Tutorial

    • Types of Digestion Tutorial

Vocabulary/Define

  • Digestive Tract - list its components

    • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

    • Villi, sphincters

  • Accessory Organs - define each

    • Salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas

  • Stages of Digestion - briefly define

    • Ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

  • Bolus: A mass of chewed food.

  • Chyme: The semifluid mass of partly digested food.

  • Peristalsis: Muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

  • Enzymes - list + define each

    • Amylase, pepsin, protease, lipase

  • Macromolecules - list and define

    • carbohydrate, protein, lipid

  • Monomers - list and define

    • simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids

  • Relation between… Semi-permeable, diffusion, surface area

Concepts

  • Identify/Describe structures and functions of the digestive system

  • Use the digestive system to explain the relationship between structure and function in biology.

    • Summarize specific physical characteristics and explain how each physical trait enables the specific function of the organ

  • Describe how the digestive system works with three other systems to maintain homeostasis

  • Describe the role that the liver plays in homeostasis

  • Describe the role that the pancreas plays in homeostasis

  • Which parts of the digestive system are under voluntary control?

  • Which parts of the digestive system involuntary control?

  • Compare and contrast physical changes (mechanical digestion) to chemical changes (chemical digestion) in the digestive system.

    • How do these changes work together to digest food?

    • In a lab, how can you test for the occurrence of a physical change? What about a chemical change?

Practice Questions

  • Practice these, after you’ve made all your slides!!!

  1. Compare and Contrast In a paragraph, compare three of the body systems we studied with each other. How are they similar? How are they different? Finally, explain how they relate to each other (e.g., how do they overlap in structure and function?). Use detail and include their specific structures and functions!

    • Muscular

    • Skeletal

    • Circulatory

    • Respiratory

  2. Describe how calcium is maintained in the body. Where is it stored? What cells release calcium to the bloodstream for use by the body's reactions? What cells are involved in storing calcium in the bones? What hormones are involved? Negative or positive feedback loop?

  3. Explain the difference between the two terms below. In your analysis, describe which types of blood vessels are found in each circulation. What type of blood is found in each? What is each's function? How does blood pressure differ in each?

    • pulmonary circulation

    • systemic circulation

  4. What is the relationship between structure and function? Choose an example from each of our dissections (frog, snake, and rat) to use as evidence for your claim. You MUST (1) identify the animal, (2) identify the organ, (3) describe the structure, and (4) then relate the structure to the function.

  5. How do the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems work together to ensure the production of ATP? Explain why the body needs ATP. Then, include specifics about where this process occurs, what the body needs to obtain to produce ATP, what waste products are created, and how the waste products are removed.

Muscle worksheet

  • Quadriceps

  • Biceps

  • Pectorals

  • Abdominals

  • Hamstrings

  • Gastrocnemius

  • Triceps

  • Gluteus Maximus

  • Deltoids

  • Trapezius

  • Latissimus Dorsi