Anatomy II : Chapter 19

1. What are the three main types of blood vessels?

   • A) Arteries, capillaries, veins ✅

   • B) Arterioles, venules, lymphatic vessels

   • C) Arteries, veins, lymphatics

   • D) Capillaries, venules, aorta

2. Arteries carry blood:

   • A) Toward the heart

   • B) Away from the heart ✅

   • C) In both directions

   • D) Only when the heart contracts

3. Capillaries function primarily as:

   • A) Blood storage vessels

   • B) High-pressure arteries

   • C) Sites of exchange of gases, nutrients, and hormones ✅

   • D) Thick-walled conduits for blood flow

2. Blood Vessel Layers (Tunics)

4. What are the three layers (tunics) of blood vessels?

   • A) Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima ✅

   • B) Tunica fibrosa, tunica interna, tunica media

   • C) Tunica externa, tunica intermedius, tunica muscularis

   • D) Tunica muscularis, tunica externa, tunica vasorum

5. The tunica intima is made of:

   • A) Smooth muscle

   • B) Simple squamous epithelium ✅

   • C) Connective tissue

   • D) Elastic fibers

6. The tunica media is responsible for:

   • A) Protecting and reinforcing vessels

   • B) Regulating vasoconstriction and vasodilation ✅

   • C) Carrying oxygenated blood

   • D) Filtering blood plasma

3. Arteries and Veins

7. Which type of arteries serve as pressure reservoirs?

   • A) Muscular arteries

   • B) Arterioles

   • C) Elastic arteries ✅

   • D) Capillaries

8. What type of arteries deliver blood to specific body organs?

   • A) Elastic arteries

   • B) Muscular arteries ✅

   • C) Capillaries

   • D) Sinusoids

9. Compared to arteries, veins have:

   • A) Thicker tunica media

   • B) Larger lumens ✅

   • C) Higher blood pressure

   • D) More elastic fibers

10. Which feature of veins prevents backflow of blood?

• A) Thick tunica media

• B) Valves ✅

• C) Muscular walls

• D) High pressure

4. Capillaries and Circulation

11. Which type of capillary has complete endothelial lining?

• A) Sinusoids

• B) Fenestrated

• C) Continuous ✅

• D) None of the above

12. Sinusoids are found in:

• A) Small intestine

• B) Liver ✅

• C) Brain

• D) Muscles

13. What regulates blood flow into capillaries?

• A) Metarterioles

• B) Precapillary sphincters ✅

• C) Arteriovenous anastomoses

• D) Lymphatic valves

5. Blood Pressure and Circulation

14. Blood pressure is highest in:

• A) Capillaries

• B) Veins

• C) The aorta ✅

• D) The right atrium

15. The term for high blood pressure is:

• A) Hypotension

• B) Hypertension ✅

• C) Hypervolemia

• D) Vasodilation

16. Which factor has the greatest influence on resistance to blood flow?

• A) Blood viscosity

• B) Blood vessel length

• C) Blood vessel diameter ✅

• D) Number of capillaries

17. A normal systolic pressure is:

• A) 90 mmHg

• B) 120 mmHg ✅

• C) 60 mmHg

• D) 200 mmHg

6. Venous Return and Adaptations

18. What helps veins return blood to the heart?

• A) High blood pressure

• B) Skeletal muscle contractions ✅

• C) Increased oxygen levels

• D) Narrow lumens

19. The "respiratory pump" assists venous return by:

• A) Contracting heart chambers

• B) Generating pressure changes during breathing ✅

• C) Increasing blood viscosity

• D) Expanding artery walls

7. Circulatory Shock and Disorders

20. What is a key symptom of circulatory shock?

• A) High blood pressure

• B) Clammy skin ✅

• C) Bradycardia

• D) Increased urine output

21. Which type of shock results from large-scale blood loss?

• A) Vascular shock

• B) Hypovolemic shock ✅

• C) Cardiogenic shock

• D) Neurogenic shock

22. What is the most common cause of arteriosclerosis?

• A) High HDL levels

• B) Atherosclerosis ✅

• C) High oxygen levels

• D) Low blood pressure

23. What condition is caused by leaky leg vein valves?

• A) Aneurysm

• B) Varicose veins ✅

• C) Hemorrhoids

• D) Phlebitis

8. Capillary Exchange and Fluid Balance

24. Hydrostatic pressure (HP) in capillaries:

• A) Pulls fluid in

• B) Pushes fluid out ✅

• C) Decreases osmotic pressure

• D) Stops filtration

25. Osmotic pressure (OP) in capillaries:

• A) Pushes fluid out

• B) Pulls fluid in ✅

• C) Decreases water movement

• D) Creates high resistance

26. The lymphatic system returns excess fluid to:

• A) The brain

• B) The bloodstream ✅

• C) The kidneys

• D) The pancreas

27. What percentage of blood volume is in systemic veins?

• A) 20%

• B) 40%

• C) 60% ✅

• D) 80%

9. Special Circulations

28. The hepatic portal system carries blood from:

• A) The liver to the heart

• B) The GI tract to the liver ✅

• C) The brain to the lungs

• D) The kidneys to the intestines

29. What do hepatic sinusoids do?

• A) Remove bacteria and detoxify blood ✅

• B) Store red blood cells

• C) Absorb nutrients into the brain

• D) Filter blood into the lungs

30. The Circle of Willis provides:

• A) Lymph drainage

• B) Blood supply to the brain ✅

• C) Venous return from the heart

• D) Pulmonary circulation

• P wave → The atria (top chambers of the heart) contract (atrial depolarization).

• QRS complex → The ventricles (bottom chambers) contract (ventricular depolarization).

  • The atria also relax here, but you don’t see it because the ventricles’ signal is stronger.

• T wave → The ventricles relax (ventricular repolarization).

So basically:

• P wave = Atria squeeze

• QRS = Ventricles squeeze

• T wave = Ventricles relax