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Chapter 12

DNA Technology and Genomics Summary

Introduction to DNA Technology and Genomics

  • Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRV) impacted Hawaii's papaya industry.

  • University of Hawaii scientists developed genetically engineered PRV-resistant papaya.

  • Majority of Hawaii’s papayas are now GMOs.

Applications of DNA Technologies

  • Gene cloning and editing produce medical/industrial products.

  • DNA profiling has revolutionized forensic science.

  • Bioinformatics aids biological research and investigations.

Gene Cloning and Editing

  • Gene Cloning: Involves inserting genes into recombinant plasmids; successful cloning allows for gene product harvesting.

  • Enzymes: Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites; DNA ligase joins DNA fragments.

  • CRISPR-Cas9 system allows for targeted gene editing.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

  • GMOs are organisms with artificially acquired genes.

  • Transgenic organisms are those with gene transplants from different species.

  • GMOs impact agriculture significantly, improving crop varieties.

DNA Profiling

  • DNA profiling analyzes genetic markers to determine DNA sources.

  • PCR is used to amplify DNA samples for profiling; it quickly generates billions of copies.

  • Gel electrophoresis separates DNA by size for analysis.

Forensic Applications of DNA Profiling

  • DNA profiling is crucial for:

    • Solving crimes

    • Establishing paternity

    • Identifying victims

  • Raises questions regarding the ethical use and potential risks of DNA technologies.