Chapter 12

DNA Technology and Genomics Summary

Introduction to DNA Technology and Genomics

• Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRV) impacted Hawaii's papaya industry.

• University of Hawaii scientists developed genetically engineered PRV-resistant papaya.

• Majority of Hawaii’s papayas are now GMOs.

Applications of DNA Technologies

• Gene cloning and editing produce medical/industrial products.

• DNA profiling has revolutionized forensic science.

• Bioinformatics aids biological research and investigations.

Gene Cloning and Editing

• Gene Cloning: Involves inserting genes into recombinant plasmids; successful cloning allows for gene product harvesting.

• Enzymes: Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites; DNA ligase joins DNA fragments.

• CRISPR-Cas9 system allows for targeted gene editing.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

• GMOs are organisms with artificially acquired genes.

• Transgenic organisms are those with gene transplants from different species.

• GMOs impact agriculture significantly, improving crop varieties.

DNA Profiling

• DNA profiling analyzes genetic markers to determine DNA sources.

• PCR is used to amplify DNA samples for profiling; it quickly generates billions of copies.

• Gel electrophoresis separates DNA by size for analysis.

Forensic Applications of DNA Profiling

• DNA profiling is crucial for:

  • Solving crimes

  • Establishing paternity

  • Identifying victims

• Raises questions regarding the ethical use and potential risks of DNA technologies.