WWI and WWII
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke visits Sarajevo, the captial of Bosnia-herzegovina (a country currently occupied by the Austro-Hungarain empire) in june 1914
The Archdue reported being nervous about his visit due to high levels of pan serbian and nationalist activity in teh capital
On sunday june 28th, the Archduke and his wofe rode in their car through the streets of sarajevo
A bomb is thrown at the car, but the Archduke onle recives minor injuries
On the way to the hosptial Gavril princip ( a bosnian Serb) fires at the car, fatally injuring the Archduke and his wife
Princip is arrested and found guilty of assination, but inversgtaor wonder why did he assassinate the Archduke in the first place?
Reasons why (evidence)
Evidence 1: nationalism
Nationalism is a sense of unity felt by people who share a similar history, culture, or language
Nationalism often includes the concept of self-determination the idea that people with the saem ethnic orgins, language, and poltical ideals had the right to form sovereign states
Evidence 2: empires expanding
In 1914:
The ottoman empire is hurt after the balkan wars (1912 and 1913) and sending the balkan peninsula (including Bosina and Herzegovenia) to the Austro-Hungrain empire
Imperialism has slowed
The german empire continues to build up its empire to counter great britians:
Increases activity to produce goods ( and weapons) faster
Build dreadnoughts: large steam chips protected with steel and equipped with large guns
Great britain responds by counting to build up their own navy
Evidence 3: pan-serbian
The russian empire was motiviated by pan-slavism, a goal to unite all slavic peoples (one of the many ethnic groups in western russia and eastern europe) into one nation
Pan-slavism led to other movements like pan-serbiansm, a movement to unite all of the serbian people in one nation
Gavrilo princip was a member of the black hand orginaztion, a pan-serbianism group that supported independence from the austro hungarian empire
Evidence 4: bosnia
Evidence 5: Agreements and treaties between nations
Designed to preserve
What caused world war 1
Militarism
Alliaces
Imperalism and rivalries
Nationalism
Imperalism and rivalries
Countrys are having issues with other countries
Tensions are high
Make friends with people who have the same enemy
Nationalism
Nationalism: feeling of great pride and united the citizens of a country
Militarism
Many europeans believed their national power was determined by their military streangth
Dueing and after the industrial revolution, european countries tried to keep up with each other, inevitably an arms race began
The war begins
On july 23, Austrian-Hungary issued an ultimatum to serbia:
Either allow Austria-Hungarain or go to war
On july 18,1914 serbia declined the ultimatum and Austria-Hungary declared war on serbia
Pull in effect
(due to alliances, countries are “pulled” into the war between Austria-Hungary and serbia)
War alliances
Engaland, france and russia made up triple Entente
German,Austria-Hungary, ottoman empire, and italy made up the triple alliance
Schlieffen plan
problem : german ahd enemies on both west and east borders
Solution: germany plans to defeat france quickly before russia could enter war
Total war
End of world war I
in order to take down the United States
very in reality, we are strong not because our military is strong because we have economic resources to prepare for the supply that war so we have been supplying the English and the French with tanks with all types of war machinery since the early 1900s and once the United States forces join now you have those train military men who actually know how to use the machines that we've been shipping over and that makes all the difference Russia gets out early. We're not really gonna talk about the Russian revolution, but they had a problem in their own land, the people revolted up against them and they were like you know what this world war I understand France you got it from here. We gotta head out e. They have their own problems eventually form of Soviet republic the United States is more moral than anything else when you've been fighting in a hole for three years and that hole hasn't really moved and now all of a sudden you got a fresh breath of fresh air if you will from a new arrivals.
End of the war
US enters the war in 1917 helps turn the tide in the allies favor
Russia surrended following the russian revolution ( signed treaty of brest-litovsk)
The arrival of the us troops raised allied morale at a crucial tim e
Turkery, austria hungary, and bulgaria all surrendered
By november 1918, the German king knew the war was over so he abdicated the throne
Weimar republic formed in Germany-signed an armistice (truce)
Happened on the 11th hour of 11th day of 11th month of 1918
Treaty of versailles
Signed between France, Great britain and germany ( june 28,1919) to official end WWI
Terms:
Formation of league of nations - included allies and neutral countries except germany, russia, US
Germany lost territory - taken during war and colonies
German military restrictions - no making/importing weapons, limits on size of army and navy, no air force
War guilt clause - war is germanys fault, must pay 33 billion in reparations to allies
Impacts of war
Global fighting of war led to ideas of nationalism, imdependence spreading
Period during the end and after the war sees a series of revolutions throughout the world
New nations emergred from former empires of germany, austria-hungary, and russia
Collapse f ottoman empire
With germany and its allies in 1918, the OE was broken up and the sultan removed in favor of a constitutional republic in 1922
Former territory was disturbed between victorious powers in the league of nations
The inter wars
The Interwar Period (1918-1939) is a period characterized by significant global economic, political, and social change
The Great War discredited established social + political institutions and challenged beliefs about European superiority
In the 1920s, the recovery after World War I led to dramatic economic and social growth around the world, particularly in the United States and European cities like London, Paris, and Berlin
The interwar years
The war industrialization led to high rates of post war production of goods like cameras and car
A period of growth in arts and culture with the emergence of the sould film industry, as well as an increase in creation of fine art, literature, music and theater
Also a period of cultural growth: women’s suffrage spread through the Western world, as did the idea of “flapper” women as well as public recognition of homosexuality
Global Depression
1929 the world plunged into long lasting, severe, global economic depression
Industrialized societies experienced economic depression
Economic depression: a period of sustained, long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more economies
Single-export economies (coffee, sugar, cotton, raw materials) in Latin America, Asia, and Africa were also hit hard
Global depression
In the 1920s, Americans began heavily investing in stock market
Caused stock prices to become inflated- buying stopped & prices dropped
Loss of money on stocks + lack of buying caused many buyers to default (not be able to pay) their loans
With loss of stocks + the halting of payments from loans, the American banking system began to fail
Failure of American banks meant countries like Britain, France, Germany, Japan, & others lost US loans they depended on
The 14 characteristic of facism
Facism: a political movement+ideology that developed in 1920s-1930s Eruope as a reaction against liberal democracy+ the spread of communism
Facism attracted millions of followers; was especially attractive to middle classes+rural population
Radicalized by economic+social crises
Fearful of perceived thre4at from the poltical left
Fascists claimed society faced a profound crisis+ sought to create a new national community
Coomites to revival of “lost” national traditions
Veneration of the state
Devotion to a strong leader; indisputable authority of leader
Emphasis on ultranationalism, ethnocentrism,+militarism
Hostility to liberal democracy (its institutions like free elections, education, experimental vacancations)
Hostility to communism (class-based)
Emphasized chauvinism - belligerent form of nationalism; aggressive patriotism
Emphasized xenophobia - fear of perceived “foreign” people; racist + anti-immigrant views/ actions
Emphasized militarism - Military efficiency as the supreme ideal for the nation + individuals
Maintaining a large + expensive military
Italian fascism and mussolini
Benito mussolini, advocates nationalism +called for a strong national leader
His movements gained widespread support after 1920
Blackshirts- fascists gained widespread support after 1920
King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to become prime minister + form a new government after Blackshirts converged on Rome in 1922
1926 Mussolini seized total power as a dictator-II Duce (The Leader)
Eliminated all other political parties
Curbed freedom of the press
Outlawed free speech + association
Military officers silenced political dissent
How did world war II start?
Aggression in Europe
Italy invaded Ethiopia and took control in 1935
Spain’s Civil War was won by the fascists in 1936
League of Nations does nothing to address these problems.
Germany
Seeing the League’s weaknesses goes against & violates the Treaty of Versailles by building up Germany’s military
How did world war II start in Europe?
1938: Munich Conference (Germany, Italy, Britain, & France)
Goal: To stop further German aggression in Europe
Result: The Munich Pact gave Hitler the Sudetenland if he promised to end further expansion
“Appeasement”
March 1939: Germany took rest of Czechoslovakia
France & Britain pledged war if aggression continued
1939: Hitler & Stalin signed the “Molotov Ribbentrop Pact”
(10 Year non-aggression pact)
War in Europe
Sept 1 1939: Germany invaded poland with blitzkrieg attack - start of wold war II
France & Great Britain declare war two days later
April, 1940: Germany resumed “Blitzkrieg” attacks
Much of Europe falls to Germany from April-May
GB and France too late to assist Belgium.
Hitler invades northern France simultaneously while taking Belgium.
June 10 – French Govt abandon Paris & Italy declares war on France.
June 14-22. French Surrender & Hitler has conquered France
The European theater
Summer/Fall, 1940: Battle of Britain (German Luftwaffe vs. Royal Air Force RAF)
June, 1941: Hitler double crossed Stalin and invaded Russia through Poland
Harsh winter and lack of useable supplies resulted in over 1 million Nazi loses
Sept 1940: Germany, Italy, and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact (Axis Powers)
December 7th, 1941: Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
U.S. Pacific Fleet was based at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
Attack was meant to cripple U.S. fleet so couldn’t interfere with Japan
Six aircraft carriers and 353 Japanese planes attacked in two waves
2,403 died (1,177 killed on the U.S.S. Arizona)
Germany & Italy declared war on the U.S. on Dec 8, 1941 (Tripartite Pact)
The U.S. officially joins war
The European theater
Key nations
Allies: Great Britian, Frnace, Soviet Union, United states
Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan
European theater
Name given to the fighting that took place in europe
1942: Britain stood alone against Axis (battle of britain)
Gen. Dwight Eisenhower=supereme allied commander of the european theater
Allies first invaded through sicily and up into italy
Mussolini was overthrown and killed
Anglo-American innovation
Axis advances were stopped in part due to inventions developed by the british and americans
Reduce the effect of german luftwaffe, radar helped scout planes before they arrived
Helped Royal Air Force to get in the air and civilians take shelter before bombing commenced
Sonar helped British and American ships to locate and destroy submarines
Code breaking aided the Allied forces
The Polish resistance stole a German enigma machine ( an encoding machine) and the modern computer was invented to break code daily
American code remained secret by using Navajo Native Americans
European Eastern Front: Stalingra
The Nazis were fighting the Russians in Stalingrad (Aug 23, 1942-Feb 1943)
One of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare
Nazis are defeated; turning point of the war for the Allies
European western front: D-Day
General Eisenhower planned D-Day for june 6 1944
Allied invasion across English channel into Normandy France
Largest military invasion in history
Allies success allowed them to push further into france
Battle of bulge
Hitlers last major offensive
Allies were pushing from the west (from France), sought through Italy, and from the east (soviets)Germany was surrounded
Asian theater
1930s: Japan tries to expand their empire to help their economy
1937: japan declared war on china
Japanese quickly overwhelemed the non-modernized army of the republic of China, and took the main cities
Japan invasion of china
1941; U.S. attempts to stop japan’s invasion of china
Issues a scarp metal and oil embargo(banning of sale/trade)
By AUG 1941: china fell to japan
Us began a full trade embargo against japan
Japan responded by
Sending a negotiator to washington D.C.
Preparing for an attack on the U.S.(decoded message)
After pearl harbor, Americans fought the japanese through “island hopping” - choosing strategic islands in the specfic to attack
After berlin was occupied and surrendered in may 1945, japan still continue to resist in the pacific despite losing to the allies
To avoid a costly invasion of Japan, the United States issued Japan a chance to surrender
German surrender
Hitler committed suscide before he could be captured
Germany officially surrendered on May 7, 1945; following day is known as VE Day
Now the Allies had to figure out how to defeat Japan
End of the world
At the postdam conference, president truman was told the americans had successfully completed the stom bomb
Aug 6. 1945 - dropping of first bomb on hiroshima
Aug 9. 1945 – Dropping of second bomb on Nagasaki
Aug 14. 1945 – Japan surrenders: V-J Day (End of War)
The holocaust
Kristallnacht
November 9,1938
translation : night of broken glass
in response to assassination of german diplomat in paris;
Nazis set synagogues on fire
Broke jewish shop windows
Beat up jew 91 killed; thousnad injured
Confiscated jewish property
Jew forbidden to collect insurance
10,00+ jews sent to concentration camp
Stages of holocaust:
Planning and propganda 1933-1939:
German Jews and other so called inferior races and people are isolated from the rest of the population. Germany rebuilds military in violatiion of treaty of versailles
Nazi goverment prepares german public for war
Expansion and violence: september 1939- june 1941:
World war II begina with german invasion of poland
Nazi violence expands into poland and across europe
Nazis establish ghettos and new concentration camps to imprison millions of jews
Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) murder millions of Jews and other targeted groups in mass shootings in eastern Europe
Germany invades soviet union
Ghettos
To make “living space” for “Aryans,” Nazis emptied conquered land of “inferior races” - specifically, Jewish people.
Ghetto - a specific area of a city or town in which Jews were forced to live (and often not permitted to leave)
Overcrowded
deprived of sufficient food + other supplies
About 1,100 Jewish ghettos were established by Nazis + their allies in Europe between 1933 - 1944
Dedication to Mass Killing: 1941 – 1944
Decision is made by Hitler and his advisors to annihilate all of the Jews in Europe.
Six killing centers are established, where millions of Jews, Sinti and Roma, and other targeted groups are murdered in gas chambers. The most infamous killing center is Auschwitz.
Death Marches: January 1945 – May 1945
As Germany is losing the war, and the Soviets are pushing the German military west, killing centers and camps are closed or liberated.
Nazis force prisoners from camps to march from eastern Europe toward Germany. Hundreds of thousands die along the way.Planning and Propaganda
Concentraion camp
a camp created to confine large numbers of prisoners (including political opponents + those deemed racially inferior) in harsh and unhealthy conditions
Nazis est. over 40,000 camps for the imprisonment, forced labor, or mass killing of Jews, Sinti + Roma, Communists, + other so-called “enemies of the state."
End of the war
Yalta conference (feb 1945)
Allies discussed issues for post war world
USSR promised to assist the US in the pacfic theater
Agreed to divide germany into four zones
US, Brit, FR and USSR’s control
Roosevelt and Churchill wanted self-determination (countries to form their own governments) for eastern European countries
Afraid Stali would make eastern Europe communist after war
Impact of WWII
55 million killed
holocaust=murder of 6 million jews and 5 million other “Enemies of states”
Genocide ( mass kiling due to ones ethnic of belifs)
USSR lost most people in the war (22milion)
Major citys and town in Europe destroyed
12 milion homeless=hardship lasted for years
Formation of the United nations
April 1945-nations met in san francisco to plan for postwar
Wanted to solve issues that caused WWI and WWI
Purpose of UN:
Maintain world peace and security
Foster economic and soical developement
Be place for nations to work out differences
Nurembers trials
Prosecution of high ranking members of nazi Germany after it defeat in WWII
The found guilty of:
Partcipation in a common plan or conspiracy for ?crimes against peace”
planning , initianting and wagin wars of aggression
War crimes
Crimes against humanity