• psychology

  • psyche = soul

  • ology = the study of

• psychology - scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how they are effected by our environment

• main goals of general psychology are to

  • describe, understand, predict, modify, control… behavior

introduction

• psychology started as a formal science in 1879

• originally, matters of the mind were under the field of philosophy

  • plato - behavior and mental processes come from internal forces

  • aristotle - behavior is shaped by the forces of the external world

  • late 1800s - psychology became its on discipline

• name one famous psychologist - sigmund freud was not a psychologist, he was a psychoanalysist

• psychology as a science

  • became a science in 1879 by applying the scientific method to the study of the mind and mental processes

  • it’s a science, but not an exact science. it’s a social science.

    • other social sciences include

      • sociology - study of groups, societies, social relationships, human social behavior

      • anthropology - study of culture

      • political science - study of political behavior

      • criminology - the study of criminal behavior

      • economics - study of how people produce, distribute, and consume behavior

  • psychology vs psychiatry

    • a psychiatrist has a medical training and can perscribe medication (*some psychologists can in certain states with additional training)

  • psychology… one thing or many?

    • it’s not just therapy.

      • that’s clinical or counseling psychology.

        • deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders

    • subfields in psychology

      • experimental psychology

      • social psychology

      • developmental psychology

      • cognitive psychology

      • personality psychology

      • sports psychology

      • evolutionary psychology

      • school psychology

      • educational psychology

      • industrial / organizational psychology

      • forensic psychology

      • environmental psychology

      • behavioral neuroscience

      • cross-cultural and gender psychology

      • positive psychology

    • education - bachelors degree (BA, BS, BSW) masters degree (MA, MS, MSW), PhD (Doctor of Philosophy.)

    • PsyD (Doctor of psychology)

    • careers

      • administrator

      • serving as a counselor

      • providing direct care

      • education

      • business

      • government

• the roots of psychology

  • phrenology

    • francis gall (germany, 1808)

    • theory that bumps on a skull revealed a persons abilities and personality traits

  • birth of modern psychology

    • wilhelm wundt (1832-1920) - physiologist and philosopher

      • “the father of experimental psychology”

      • 1879 - leipzig, germany

      • first psych lab utilizing the scientific method

      • psychology’s first school of thought - structuralism.

      • major work - introspection

        • analysis of one’s own mental experiences

        • analysis of one’s conscious experiences

    • g. stanley hall

      • student of wundts

      • established first american psych lab @ john hopkins university in 1883

    • edward titchener

      • structuralism

      • technique of introspection

      • analyzed sensation, images, and feelings in the most basic elements

      • refined wundt’s ideas

  • functionalism

    • william james (1842-1910) american philosopher

      • influenced by darwin’s theroy of evolution

        • behavior and mental processes are adaptive, thus enables us to adapt to a changing environment

      • wrote principals of psychology (1890)

        • studied how organisms behavior helps it adapt to it’s environment

    • set stage for modern 20th century psychology

  • structuralism and functionalism are the two roots in psychology

• women in psychology

  • historically, women were actively discouraged from becoming psychologists

    • women now outnumber men in the field

  • consequences of racial and ethnic minority underrepresentation among psychologists.

    • field is diminished by lack of diverse perspectives and talents

    • deters new members from the field

    • minorities possibly underserved: people tend to prefer to receive therapy from their own ethnic group

  • female pioneers in psychology

    • anna freud

      • founder of child psychoanalysis, even though her father didn’t believe that children could be psychoanalyzed

    • mary whiton calkins

      • apa’s first female president (1905). her work centered on memory and the self, which she said could never be fully defined.

      • she earned her phd at harvard but was refused the degree on the grounds that harvard didn’t accept women.

    • margaret floy washburn

      • the first woman to receive a psychology phd at cornell university in 1894

    • mary ainsworth

      • as a developmental psychologist, ainsworth was a lead researcher in the field of attachment theroy

    • karen horney

      • this german psychoanalysist born in the late 1800s founded feminist psychology

• major approaches to psychology

  • psychoanalysis - sigmund freud (1856-1936)

    • austrian physician

    • 1900 published “interpretations of dreams”

    • basis of theroy

      • humans are motivated due to sexual and aggressive desires

      • we suppress such feelings (push them into our unconscious minds) due to societal standards)

  • behaviorism

    • ivan pavlov - russian psychologist (1849-1936)

    • john b. watson - amer. psychologist (1878-1958)

      • second coolest john watson

    • b.f. skinner - amer. physiologist turned psychologist (1904-1990)

    • study of behavior

      • observable and quantifiable behavior was assumed to have meaning in and of itself.

  • humanistic perspective

    • abraham maslow (1908-1970)

      • hierarchy of needs

      • we have to have our basic needs met to progress

    • aggression is not instinctive but occurs when basic needs aren’t met

      • if you don’t feel safe, low self esteem

        • view other as dangerous

      • and we must protect ourselves

    • emphasizes personal growth and human achievement. emphasizes free will, focuses on feelings.

  • cognitive

    • includes the mental processes involved in thinking and knowing

    • jean piaget (1896-1980) swiss biologist, phd in zoology- turned psychologist

    • gestalt psychology - early 20th century approach that provided the foundation

      • for the modern study of perception…

      • study of how people interpret sensory info

        • is the glass half full or half empty

    • gestalt theroy emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than it’s parts

  • cognitive-behavioral

    • albert ellis (1913-2007) - american psychologist and psychotherapist

      • the originator of cognitive behavioral therapy

      • rounded rational emotive behavior therapy (rebt)

    • the ABCs of personality

      • activating event, belief, consequence

      • musterbation - the phenomenon whereby people live by a set of absolute and unrealistic demands that they place on themselves, others, and the world

    • should statements… i should do this, i should be that

      • stop shoulding yourself

  • neuroscience/physiological/biological

    • all actions, feelings, and thoughts are associated w/ bodily events

      • hereditary influences on behavior

      • neurochemistry of the brain

• cross-cultural and gender psychology

  • culture: shared ideas and behaviors passed from one generation to the next; shapes behaviors

  • gender identity: sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female.

  • socially and biologically defined

• biopsychosocial

  • biopsychosocial approach integrates three levels of analysis

    • biological

    • psychological

    • social-cultural

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