final review

1.       Compare and contrast the endocrine system and nervous system.

2.       Recall the general structure of endocrine glands and their functions

3.       Explain the general stimuli for the release of various hormones

4.       List the hormones secreted from the anterior and posterior pituitary, their target tissues and effects on the tissues

5.       Recall the main function of thyroid hormone and specifically how it activates its target cells.

6.       Recall the clinical definition of hematocrit

7.       Recall the characteristics of the different blood types including which antibodies and which antigens they would have.

8.       List the different leukocytes and their characteristics

9.       Explain that blood flow is unidirectional and the definition of arteries and veins

10.   Explain which vessels carry blood to and from the heart and lungs.

11.   Recall the anatomy of vessels and the heart

12.   List the types of arteries and their characteristics

13.   Explain the function of heart valves

14.   List the parts of the ECG and what each part indicates

15.   Explain the cardiac cycle

16.   Compare the different types of capillaries and types of flow patterns through them

17.   Explain what happens at the arterial and venous ends of a capillary bed and why.

18.   List arteries and tissues they supply.  

19.   Know the general flow pattern of lymph through the lymphatic system, which parts of the body are drained by each duct, the organs and tissues involved, and the general functions of the system.

20.   List pathogens and general characteristics

21.   Recall the characteristics of innate and adaptive immunity

22.   Know the first, second and third line of defense.

23.   Know how antigen the presented to helper and cytotoxic T-cells

24.   Recall the functional and structural organization of the respiratory system

25.   List the ways air is conditioned by the nasal cavity

26.   Recall the anatomy of the nasal cavity, lungs and larynx.

27.   Organize the sequence of events for gas exchange

28.   List the gross anatomical structures and organs of the urinary system and their functions

29.   Define renal plasma clearance

30.   Recall the protective layers of the kidneys

31.   List the parts of the nephron, and characteristics of each part.

32.   Name the types of cells found in the collecting duct and what they do.

33.   List the order of arteries blood would flow through as it enters the kidney and flows to the glomerulus

34.   Recall that 2/3rds of our body fluid is within our cells and 1/3^rd is outside.

35.   Recall that intracellular fluid has more potassium and more negative charge than the outside.

36.   Explain how drinking water affects blood osmolarity

37.   Understand that volume excess is a condition where volume increases but the osmolarity does not change

38.   Recall what changes in blood pH occur with diarrhea and with vomiting.

39.   Recall the stimulations for adrenal gland hormones release

40.   List the general functions and structures of the digestive system

41.   Define peristalsis and mixing

42.   Recall in which organ and chemical and or mechanical digestion occur for each nutrient

43.   Explain the functions of each of the digestive system hormones and stimulations for release.

44.   Name the molecules of each class of nutrient

45.   Explain essential and nonessential amino acids

46.   Recall which vitamins are fat soluble

47.   List the minerals

48.   Recall that MyPlate replaced the food pyramid

49.   Explain what happens during the absorptive and fasting states

50.   Characterize the different types of lipoproteins