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APUSH Period 3 (1754-1800)
Molasses Act (1733): British legislation imposing a tax on molasses imported to the colonies from non-British territories, aiming to protect British West Indies sugar producers. Widely ignored, it fostered smuggling.
George Washington: A Virginia planter and military officer who gained experience in the French and Indian War, later becoming Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and the first U.S. President.
Fort Duquesne: A French fort in modern-day Pittsburgh, contested during the French and Indian War. George Washington's failed expedition here ignited the conflict.
Iroquois Confederacy: A powerful alliance of six Native American tribes that strategically allied with different European powers during colonial conflicts.
Albany Congress (1754): A meeting of colonial representatives to form a unified defense plan against French threats, introducing Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of Union.
General Braddock: A British general defeated in 1755 during the French and Indian War at the Battle of Monongahela, exposing British vulnerability.
French and Indian War (1754–1763): The North American theater of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France. Its costs led Britain to tax the colonies, sowing seeds of revolution.
William Pitt: A British statesman who reinvigorated British efforts during the French and Indian War, emphasizing colonial cooperation and military investment.
Battle of Quebec (1759): A pivotal British victory during the French and Indian War that secured Canada for Britain.
Guerrilla Warfare: Irregular military tactics such as ambushes and raids, used effectively by colonial militias.
Treaty of Paris (1763): Ended the French and Indian War, ceding French Canada and territory east of the Mississippi to Britain.
Proclamation Line of 1763: British policy forbidding colonial settlement west of the Appalachians to appease Native Americans, angering colonists eager for land.
Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys: A militia group from Vermont that captured Fort Ticonderoga during the Revolutionary War.
Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766): A Native American uprising against British policies in the Great Lakes region, sparked by post-war territorial changes.
Paxton Boys (1764): A group of Pennsylvania frontiersmen who protested colonial government policies toward Native Americans, attacking Native settlements.
Regulators: Backcountry settlers in the Carolinas protesting unfair taxation and lack of representation, leading to armed conflict.
British Policies and Colonial Resistance
George Grenville: British Prime Minister who introduced revenue-generating measures like the Sugar Act and Stamp Act.
Currency Act of 1764: Prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, causing economic difficulties.
Sugar Act (1764): Reduced the tax on molasses but increased enforcement, angering merchants.
End of Salutary Neglect: After the French and Indian War, Britain enforced stricter control over colonies, ending a period of relative autonomy.
Stamp Act of 1765: A direct tax on printed materials, sparking widespread colonial protest.
Virtual Representation: British argument that Parliament represented all British subjects, even colonists without voting rights.
Quartering Act of 1765: Required colonists to house and supply British troops.
Patrick Henry: A fiery orator who opposed British policies, famously declaring, "Give me liberty, or give me death!"
Stamp Act Congress (1765): Delegates from nine colonies met to oppose the Stamp Act, uniting colonial resistance.
Sons of Liberty: A secret organization that used protests and intimidation to oppose British policies.
Samuel Adams: A leader in organizing resistance to British policies and a key figure in the Sons of Liberty.
Declaration of Rights and Grievances: A colonial petition asserting that only colonial assemblies could tax colonists.
Power of the Purse: Colonial assemblies’ ability to control taxation and budgets, used to challenge British authority.
Declaratory Act (1766): Affirmed Parliament’s authority over the colonies, following the repeal of the Stamp Act.
John Locke and Natural Rights: Enlightenment thinker who argued for life, liberty, and property as fundamental rights, influencing revolutionary ideology.
John Dickinson/Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania: Essays protesting taxation without representation, advocating for colonial unity.
Dual Revolution Theory: The idea that the American Revolution was both a fight for independence and a social upheaval.
Townshend Acts (1767): Taxes on imports like glass, paper, and tea; prompted widespread boycotts.
Daughters of Liberty: Women who supported boycotts by producing homemade goods to replace British imports.
Boston Massacre (1770): A deadly confrontation between British soldiers and colonists, fueling anti-British sentiment.
Committees of Correspondence: Networks for sharing information and coordinating resistance among colonies.
Tea Act of May 1773: Gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales, angering colonists.
Boston Tea Party (1773): Protest against the Tea Act, where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor.
Coercive (Intolerable) Acts (1774): Punitive measures after the Boston Tea Party, including closing Boston Harbor and dissolving local governments.
Quebec Act (1774): Extended Quebec’s boundaries and granted religious freedom to Catholics, angering Protestant colonists.
Molasses Act (1733): British legislation imposing a tax on molasses imported to the colonies from non-British territories, aiming to protect British West Indies sugar producers. Widely ignored, it fostered smuggling.
George Washington: A Virginia planter and military officer who gained experience in the French and Indian War, later becoming Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and the first U.S. President.
Fort Duquesne: A French fort in modern-day Pittsburgh, contested during the French and Indian War. George Washington's failed expedition here ignited the conflict.
Iroquois Confederacy: A powerful alliance of six Native American tribes that strategically allied with different European powers during colonial conflicts.
Albany Congress (1754): A meeting of colonial representatives to form a unified defense plan against French threats, introducing Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan of Union.
General Braddock: A British general defeated in 1755 during the French and Indian War at the Battle of Monongahela, exposing British vulnerability.
French and Indian War (1754–1763): The North American theater of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France. Its costs led Britain to tax the colonies, sowing seeds of revolution.
William Pitt: A British statesman who reinvigorated British efforts during the French and Indian War, emphasizing colonial cooperation and military investment.
Battle of Quebec (1759): A pivotal British victory during the French and Indian War that secured Canada for Britain.
Guerrilla Warfare: Irregular military tactics such as ambushes and raids, used effectively by colonial militias.
Treaty of Paris (1763): Ended the French and Indian War, ceding French Canada and territory east of the Mississippi to Britain.
Proclamation Line of 1763: British policy forbidding colonial settlement west of the Appalachians to appease Native Americans, angering colonists eager for land.
Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys: A militia group from Vermont that captured Fort Ticonderoga during the Revolutionary War.
Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766): A Native American uprising against British policies in the Great Lakes region, sparked by post-war territorial changes.
Paxton Boys (1764): A group of Pennsylvania frontiersmen who protested colonial government policies toward Native Americans, attacking Native settlements.
Regulators: Backcountry settlers in the Carolinas protesting unfair taxation and lack of representation, leading to armed conflict.
British Policies and Colonial Resistance
George Grenville: British Prime Minister who introduced revenue-generating measures like the Sugar Act and Stamp Act.
Currency Act of 1764: Prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, causing economic difficulties.
Sugar Act (1764): Reduced the tax on molasses but increased enforcement, angering merchants.
End of Salutary Neglect: After the French and Indian War, Britain enforced stricter control over colonies, ending a period of relative autonomy.
Stamp Act of 1765: A direct tax on printed materials, sparking widespread colonial protest.
Virtual Representation: British argument that Parliament represented all British subjects, even colonists without voting rights.
Quartering Act of 1765: Required colonists to house and supply British troops.
Patrick Henry: A fiery orator who opposed British policies, famously declaring, "Give me liberty, or give me death!"
Stamp Act Congress (1765): Delegates from nine colonies met to oppose the Stamp Act, uniting colonial resistance.
Sons of Liberty: A secret organization that used protests and intimidation to oppose British policies.
Samuel Adams: A leader in organizing resistance to British policies and a key figure in the Sons of Liberty.
Declaration of Rights and Grievances: A colonial petition asserting that only colonial assemblies could tax colonists.
Power of the Purse: Colonial assemblies’ ability to control taxation and budgets, used to challenge British authority.
Declaratory Act (1766): Affirmed Parliament’s authority over the colonies, following the repeal of the Stamp Act.
John Locke and Natural Rights: Enlightenment thinker who argued for life, liberty, and property as fundamental rights, influencing revolutionary ideology.
John Dickinson/Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania: Essays protesting taxation without representation, advocating for colonial unity.
Dual Revolution Theory: The idea that the American Revolution was both a fight for independence and a social upheaval.
Townshend Acts (1767): Taxes on imports like glass, paper, and tea; prompted widespread boycotts.
Daughters of Liberty: Women who supported boycotts by producing homemade goods to replace British imports.
Boston Massacre (1770): A deadly confrontation between British soldiers and colonists, fueling anti-British sentiment.
Committees of Correspondence: Networks for sharing information and coordinating resistance among colonies.
Tea Act of May 1773: Gave the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales, angering colonists.
Boston Tea Party (1773): Protest against the Tea Act, where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor.
Coercive (Intolerable) Acts (1774): Punitive measures after the Boston Tea Party, including closing Boston Harbor and dissolving local governments.
Quebec Act (1774): Extended Quebec’s boundaries and granted religious freedom to Catholics, angering Protestant colonists.
Virginia Plan:
A proposal at the Constitutional Convention for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature, where representation in both houses would be based on population.
New Jersey Plan:
A proposal at the Constitutional Convention advocating for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state, regardless of population.
Alexander Hamilton:
The first Secretary of the Treasury, advocating for a strong central government, economic modernization, and the creation of a national bank.
Roger Sherman:
A delegate to the Constitutional Convention who proposed the Great Compromise, which created a bicameral legislature with a House based on population and a Senate with equal representation for each state.
Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise):
An agreement during the Constitutional Convention that created a two-house legislature, combining the Virginia and New Jersey Plans to balance the interests of large and small states.
Federalism:
The division of power between the national government and the state governments, central to the U.S. Constitution.
Necessary and Proper Clause:
Found in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, this clause grants Congress the authority to pass laws necessary to carry out its enumerated powers, also known as the Elastic Clause.
Three-Fifths Compromise:
A compromise during the Constitutional Convention stating that three-fifths of the enslaved population would be counted for purposes of taxation and representation in Congress.
Federalists and Anti-Federalists:
Federalists supported the ratification of the Constitution, favoring a strong central government, while Anti-Federalists opposed it, fearing it would create a government too powerful and distant from the people.
The Federalist Papers (Hamilton, Madison, and Jay):
A series of 85 essays published to promote the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.
Bill of Rights:
The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791, guaranteeing fundamental rights and liberties such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.
Washington Administration and Early Policies
Washington's Cabinet:
The group of executive department heads selected by President George Washington to advise him and implement policies. Key members included Alexander Hamilton (Treasury), Thomas Jefferson (State), and Henry Knox (War).
Judiciary Act of 1789:
A law that established the structure of the federal judiciary, creating the Supreme Court and lower federal courts.
“Report on Public Credit” (1790):
A proposal by Alexander Hamilton to address the national debt by funding it through the assumption of state debts and the issuance of new bonds, aiming to strengthen the federal government’s credit.
Assumption of Debt and Washington D.C.:
Hamilton’s plan to have the federal government assume state debts from the Revolutionary War, paired with the agreement to establish the nation’s capital, Washington D.C., on land from the southern states.
Bank of the United States:
Proposed by Hamilton to stabilize and improve the nation’s credit, regulate the economy, and provide a uniform currency.
Loose v. Strict Construction:
The debate over the interpretation of the Constitution, with loose construction allowing for broad, implied powers (as argued by Hamilton) and strict construction limiting powers to those explicitly stated in the document (as argued by Jefferson).
“Report on Manufactures” (1791):
A proposal by Hamilton advocating for government support of manufacturing and industry to diversify the U.S. economy beyond agriculture.
Tariff Act of 1789:
A law that imposed tariffs on imports to generate revenue for the federal government and protect American industries.
Jefferson’s Agrarian Vision:
Thomas Jefferson’s ideal vision for America, emphasizing a nation of independent farmers who would be the backbone of a republic based on democratic values.
Adam Smith/Wealth of Nations:
The influential work by economist Adam Smith (1776), advocating for free-market capitalism, individual self-interest, and minimal government intervention in the economy.
Political Parties and Foreign Relations
Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans:
The first political parties in the U.S., with Federalists, led by Hamilton, advocating for a strong central government and industrial economy, and Democratic-Republicans, led by Jefferson, advocating for a limited government and agrarian society.
U.S. Response to the French Revolution (Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans):
Federalists were generally wary of the French Revolution, while Democratic-Republicans supported it, viewing it as part of the struggle for liberty.
Neutrality Act of 1793:
Issued by George Washington, it declared that the U.S. would remain neutral in European conflicts, especially the wars between Britain and revolutionary France.
Whiskey Rebellion (1794):
A violent protest by Pennsylvania farmers against a federal excise tax on whiskey. Washington responded by sending federal troops, demonstrating the power of the new federal government.
Citizen Genet:
French ambassador to the U.S. who attempted to stir up support for France’s revolutionary cause, violating American neutrality and leading to his recall.
Jay’s Treaty (1794):
An agreement between the U.S. and Britain to resolve issues left over from the Revolutionary War, including British withdrawal from forts in the Northwest Territory and improved trade relations.
Washington’s Farewell Address (1796):
Washington’s final speech as president, advising the nation to avoid permanent alliances with foreign nations and to be wary of political parties and sectionalism.
Haitian Revolution (1791–1804):
A successful slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti), which led to the establishment of the independent nation of Haiti, influencing slave uprisings in the Americas.
Toussaint L’Ouverture:
The leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave who became a military and political leader, ultimately establishing Haitian independence.
Napoleon:
The French leader whose wars in Europe and expansionist ambitions influenced U.S. foreign policy during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
John Adams and the Quasi-War
John Adams:
The second U.S. President (1797–1801) and a Federalist. Known for his leadership during the Quasi-War and his role in the founding of the nation.
XYZ Affair (1797–1798):
A diplomatic incident in which French agents (referred to as "X," "Y," and "Z") demanded bribes from American diplomats, leading to public outrage and the Quasi-War with France.
Quasi-War (1798–1800):
An undeclared naval conflict between the U.S. and France, mainly fought in the Caribbean, resulting from tensions after the XYZ Affair.
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798):
Laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress aimed at suppressing criticism of the government. The Alien Act increased the residency requirement for citizenship, and the Sedition Act targeted journalists and critics of the government.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798):
Political statements drafted by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, asserting that states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws, a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Nullification:
The concept that states could invalidate any federal law deemed unconstitutional, which would become an important issue in U.S. politics in the 19th century.
Election of 1800/Revolution of 1800:
A contentious presidential election in which Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams, marking the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties and strengthening the precedent for democratic elections.
Thomas Jefferson:
The third U.S. President (1801–1809), author of the Declaration of Independence, and leader of the Democratic-Republican Party. He is known for his vision of an agrarian republic and the Louisiana Purchase.
Aaron Burr:
Vice President under Thomas Jefferson, involved in the 1800 election and later infamous for his duel with Alexander Hamilton, where Hamilton was killed.
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NoteStudied by 94 peopleNoteStudied by 16 peopleNoteStudied by 13 peopleNoteStudied by 3 peopleNoteStudied by 12 peopleNoteStudied by 58 people