Mr. Livingston’s Grade 10 Canadian History Exam Review
World War I and the Foundations of Conflict
Pre-War Climate and the Outbreak of War
The assassination of Arch Duke (Franz Ferdinand) served as the immediate catalyst for the conflict.
The MAIN Causes of WWI include:
Militarism: The buildup of national armies and navies.
Alliances: The web of Mutual Defense Treaties that dragged nations into the conflict.
Imperialism: Competition for colonial territories and resources.
Nationalism: Extreme pride in one's nation and the desire for self-determination.
The Alliance System: A complex network of international agreements meant to maintain a balance of power, which ultimately facilitated a global scale of war.
The Technology and Tactics of WWI
New Technology: The introduction of advanced weaponry that changed the face of combat.
Trench Warfare: A grueling form of static warfare characterized by extensive defense systems known as Trenches.
Battles of Importance:
Ypres: Notable for the first use of chemical gas.
The Somme: A battle resulting in massive casualties for little territorial gain.
Vimy Ridge: A defining moment for Canadian identity and military strategy, led by Sir Arthur Currie.
Passchendaele: Characterized by extreme mud and horrific conditions.
Battle at Sea:
The Battle of Jutland.
The use of German U-Boats.
The sinking of the Lusitania.
Implementation of the Convoy System to protect merchant ships.
War in the Air:
Featuring famous pilots (Aces) such as Billy Bishop.
Leadership and the Homefront
Key Figures: Robert Borden (Prime Minister) and Sam Hughes (Minister of Militia).
Military Leadership: Sir Arthur Currie and Douglas Haig.
Government Funding: How the Canadian government financed the war effort.
Conscription: The controversial forced enlistment of citizens into the military.
The Halifax Explosion: A domestic disaster that occurred during the war years.
The Resolution and Legacy of WWI
The Treaty of Versailles: The formal peace agreement that ended the war.
War Guilt Clause: A specific provision in the treaty forcing Germany to accept total responsibility for the war.
The 1920s: A Decade of Change and Contradiction
Economic and Quality of Life Shifts
Canadian Economy: Post-war transition to a peacetime economy.
New Technology: The widespread adoption of the car (utilizing the Assembly Line) and the radio.
Buying on Margin: The practice of purchasing stocks with borrowed money, which fueled economic speculation.
Prohibition: The legal ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages.
Flappers: Young women who challenged traditional social norms through their dress and behavior.
Social and Political Developments
Treatment of Aboriginals: The continued operation of Residential Schools.
Immigration Policy: Shifts in how the government managed new arrivals to Canada.
The Winnipeg General Strike: A massive labor action in that reflected post-war social unrest.
Changes in Politics and the evolving world order following WWI.
The 1930s: The Great Depression
Economic Collapse
Black Tuesday: The stock market crash of October , , which triggered the global depression.
Economics of Recession/Depression: The study of stagnant growth and extreme unemployment.
Social Hardships and Human Experience
The Dust Bowl: Severe environmental degradation affecting agricultural land.
Quality of Life: Widespread poverty and unemployment.
Riding the Rods: The term for unemployed men hopping freight trains to travel across the country looking for work.
Government and Political Responses
R.B. Bennett: The Prime Minister during the early years of the Depression.
Bennett Buggy: A car with the engine removed and pulled by a horse, symbolizing the inability to afford gasoline.
Relief Camps: Government-run camps for unemployed single men, providing basic subsistence in exchange for labor.
On-to-Ottawa Trek: A protest movement by relief camp workers aiming to take their grievances to the federal government.
New Political Parties in the 1930s: Emerging movements challenging the traditional two-party system during the economic crisis.
World War II: Global Conflict and Ideologies
Rise of Fascism and Causes of WWII
Post-WWI conditions in Germany and the rise of Adolf Hitler.
Fascism in Italy led by Benito Mussolini.
Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union's role.
The Munich Agreement and the Policy of Appeasement: Attempts to avoid war by granting concessions to Hitler.
Nazi-Soviet Pact: A non-aggression agreement between Germany and the USSR.
Anschluss: The annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany.
Kristallnacht: The state-sponsored pogrom against Jewish people in Germany.
The Course of the War
Blitzkrieg: "Lightning war" tactics used by Germany.
Fall of Poland and France: The initial successful German expansions.
Miracle at Dunkirk: The massive evacuation of Allied troops from France.
Battle of Britain: The aerial defense of the United Kingdom against the Luftwaffe.
Operation Barbarossa: The German invasion of the Soviet Union.
Battle of the Atlantic: The ongoing struggle for control of supply lines in the ocean.
Pearl Harbor: The Japanese attack that brought the United States into the war.
War in the Pacific: Conflict with Japan, culminating in the use of the Atomic Bomb.
Dieppe: A disastrous Raid that provided lessons for future amphibious landings.
Italian Campaign: Allied operations in Sicily and the grueling battle of Ortona.
D-Day and Juno Beach: The Allied invasion of Normandy, where Canada was responsible for Juno Beach.
Liberation of the Netherlands: A major Canadian military victory near the war's end.
The Holocaust and Homefront
Concentration Camps: Facilities for the systematic imprisonment and murder of targeted groups.
The Final Solution: The Nazi plan for the genocide of the Jewish people.
Propaganda: Information used by governments to influence public opinion and maintain support for the war.
Technology and innovations developed through military necessity.
The Post-War Era (1945–1990): The Cold War and Modern Canada
International Relations and the Cold War
United Nations (U.N.): Formed to maintain international peace.
The Cold War and the Iron Curtain: The ideological struggle and physical barrier between the East and West.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) vs. the Warsaw Pact.
Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan: American policies to contain communism and rebuild Europe.
The Gouzenko Affair: The defection of Igor Gouzenko which revealed Soviet spy rings in Canada.
Korean War: Featuring Canadian involvement in the Battle of Kapyong.
Canadian Domestic Politics and Leadership
Louis St. Laurent: Prime Minister noted for the Trans-Canada Pipeline.
John Diefenbaker: Prime Minister who introduced the Bill of Rights and canceled the Avro Arrow project.
Lester B. Pearson: Prime Minister who introduced the new Canadian Flag.
Pierre Trudeau: Prime Minister known for the Just Society, the Official Languages Act, and the repatriation of the Constitution and Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
60s Scoop: The mass removal of Indigenous children from their families for placement in the foster care system.
Quebec Issues and National Unity
The Quiet Revolution: A period of intense social and political change in Quebec, spearheaded by Jean Lesage.
Quebec Separatism and the rise of the FLQ (Front de libération du Québec).
October Crisis: The kidnapping of James Cross and the kidnapping/murder of Pierre Laporte.
Bill 101: Legislation making French the official language of Quebec.
Meech Lake Accord: A failed attempt to amend the constitution to satisfy Quebec's demands.
Modern Military and Peacekeeping
Canada's role in global Peacekeeping operations.
Medak Pocket: A significant engagement involving Canadian peacekeepers in the former Yugoslavia.