2.2A How did the Normans conquer England?
1. Who claimed the English crown after King's Edward (1042-1066) death?
A) William (Duke of Normandy).
B) Harald Hadrada (King of Norway).
C) Harold Godwinson.
The Battle of Hastings began at 9am on 14 October 1066. Harold's army was linked up at the top of Senlac Hill, forming a shield wall facing down against William's army. At the start of the battle, William's archers fired their arrows up towards Harold's army but were struggling to break through the shield wall.
William's cavarly then tried to change up the hill, but they also could not break past the defensive line and were beaten back by Harold's men.
A rumour spread through the Norman army that William had been killed, but he lifted his helmet and rode past his troops to show them he was still alive.
Harold's positon was looking strong, but William ordered his soldiers to advance part way up the hill and then pretend to retreat. This was hugely effective. Harold's army lost their discipline and started charging down the hill, losing their strong defensive position.
William's cavarly were able to get amongst the English army and cause huge damage, as Harold's army had lost his protection of the shield wall and their defensive position at the top of the hill.
There is skme uncertainty as to how Harold Godwinson died. The Bayeux Tapestry has the words ‘Harold is killed' next to a man with an arrow in his eye, but it is impossible to know which soldier is Harold because all of the English soldiers are dressed identically.
Harold's remaining soldiers lost motivation when news of his death spread across the battlefield. Some fled, and the ones who stated to fight were left with little hope.
2.2C Gaining control of England, 1061-71. How the Normans gained control.
Rebellions 1067-71.
Motte and Bailey castles.
William had won Battle of Hastings, but this did not mean everyone in England immediately supported him. He had to establish Norman control in England. During his reign, William crushed rebellions and built a series of castles across England to establish control.
The North 1069-70.
William ordered soldiers to kill rebels.
Set fire to villages and destroy crops.
This starved the rebels to death-the Harrying of the North.
The West 1068.
On the way to Exeter, villages were destroyed,
Hostages taken, one hostage had eye gouged out.
18 days of fighting the surrender.
Castle built in Exeter.
The East 1070-71.
Use the boats to cut off supplies.
Local with cursed rebels.
Normans stormed island and English surrended.
Rebels imprisoned: some had hands cut off and eyes gouged out.
2.3 Picturing medieval monarchs.
John (1199-1216)
Lost almost all of England's lands in France.
Fell out with church leaders.
Barons rebelled against him and forced him to agree to Magna Carta.
This limited the monarch's powers.
How can we explain the First Crusade?
2.4 How can we explain the First Crusade?
The First Crusade was a military expedition that took place from 1096 to 1099.
It was launched by European Christians to try and capture Jerusalem, which was controlled by Muslims at the time.
The main goal was to free the city from Muslim rule and make it a Christian city again.
Why did it happen?
There were several reasons why the First Crusade happened:
Religious Motivation: In 1096 the Pope, Urban II, called for the crusade because he wanted to help Christians in the Holy Land (Jerusalem) who were being attacked by Muslims.
He also wanted to reclaim Jerusalem, which was a very important city in Christianity because it was the place where Jesus had lived, died, and was resurrected.
What changed between Muslims and Chistians?
The relationship changed when Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem and began restricting Christian pilgrims, which increased tension between Muslims and Christians.
The role of the Urban?
Pope Urban II called on Christians to fight in the Crusadersto take back Jerusalem.
Challenges to the journey.
Key events:
On June 7, 1099, approximately 1400 crusaders reached Jerusalem.
Preparation included building siege towers, ladders, and battering rams and lasted 5 weeks.
The Attack on June 14, 1099.
On July 15, 1099, Godfrey of Bouillon gave thanks to God.
Crusader violence.
Thousands of Muslims and Jewish residents were killed.
Looting of gold, silver and other valuables occured.
The events exemplified the blend of violence, greed, and religious motivation.
According this image can you guess: How the crusaders capture Jerusalem?
Key words: Towers, high walls, ladders, climb and stone missiles.
After a fire broke out the wall, of Godfrey took the chance to cut the tower and used it to make a wooden bridge.
Why was Jerusalem important to Christians?
It is a place where Jesus was crusified and resurrected.
Why was Jerusalem important to Jewish people?
It was the cite of their holy temples and remains a center of their faith.
Why was Jerusalem important to Muslims?
It contains AI'-Aqsa and is linked to Prophet Muhammad's Night Journey.
Who had controlled Jerusalem for 400 years?
Control for 400 years: Muslims had controlled Jerusalem for about 400 years before the Crusaders.
What changed the relationship between Muslims and Christians?
The relationship change when the Seljuk Turks took control and made it harder for Christians to visit holy sites.
How did the Pope respond to this change?
Pope Urban II reaponded by Challenge for a Crusade to take Jerusalem back.
2.8 What mattered to medieval people?