Bio 3.3-3.4

Loci - where alleles are located

Allele - a variant of a gene

Gene - segment of dna 

Chromosome - 

Gametes - sex cells

homologous chromosomes two separate pairs of sister chromatids

Nonhomologous chromosome

Tetrad - two pair of homologous chromosomes. Split  in anaphase 1

Crossing over - 2 nonsister chromatids meet at the chiasma, and switch parts.

Sister chromatids two identical chromatids that are joined together

Nonsister Chromatids - meet at chiasma in tetrads.

Interphase vs Meiosis I vs Meiosis 2. Meiosis one is where the tetrad is pulled apart into homologous chromosomes. Then, in Meiosis 2, the homologous chromosomes are pulled apart into sister chromatids, just like in mitosis.

independent assortment/orientation of homologous chromosomes

Pulling apart homologous chromosomes vs pulling apart sister chromatids

Haploid - n, one set of chromosomes 

Diploid - 2n, two sets of chromosomes.

Segregation of alleles

Cell pole end regions of the cell. In anaphase, the spindle fibers pull either the homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids(depending on meiosis one or two) apart to the cell poles.

independent assortment/orientation of homologous chromosomes

Fertilization when the sperm goes to the egg

Haploid number (n)

Chiasma the crossing over point

Recombinant chromosomes - chromosomes that underwent crossing over.

Chromosomal deletion, duplication, inversion and reciprocal translocation

Nondisjunction a failure to separate a tetrad or chromosome in the anaphase

Monosomy, trisomy

Polyploidy

Karyotype - visual drawing of a person's set of chromosomes. Organized by size shape and number.

Sex chromosome versus an autosome (non-sex  chromosome)

2n vs n - 2n is diploid, n is haploid

Dominant The allele that is dominant or shown in a heterozygous individual’s phenotype

Recessive The allele that is hidden in a heterozygous individual’s phenotype

Homozygous - Both dominant traits or both recessive traits are expressed: RR or rr

Heterozygous - Both the dominant and recessive traits are expressed: Rr

Genotype genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype physical trait

Characteristics/ Character - heritable feature that varies among population. (Eye color)

Traits type of character

Probability - chance something will happen.

Proportion - relativity of a part to a whole.

Independent assortment the inheritance of one trait has no affect on another

chromosome theory of inheritance the behavior of chromosomes accounts for inheritance patterns

True Breed an organism whose genotype is homozygous for a gene

Dihybrid cross an organism derived from heterozygous parents

Random but predictable random movement of proteins or transcription factors but will eventually do something because of probability

F1 Offspring/generation

F2 offspring/generation

Law of segregation

Test Cross

Incomplete dominance not both dominant genes are shown

Codominant both dominant genes show in phenotype

ABO punnet squares

Antibody versus antigen 

Pedigree analysis

Sex linked chromosomes and sex linked punnet square problems

Hypercholesterolemia -Having high levels of cholesterol in blood, can be genetic

Pleiotropic - a gene that influences multiple seemingly unrelated genes

Determine whether a pair of genes is located near or far from each other on the same chromosome, or if they are on different chromosomes

Recominated gene/gamete

Relationship between crossing over frequency and the distance between genes

Braking linkages

Know how to determine mapped genes

What is a signal transduction pathway?

Draw a picture of a signal transduction pathway all the way through gene expression? Label all structures and processes

Be able to explain how mutations in the signal transduction pathway can alter cell signaling

Why are ras and p53 considered oncogenes? How do they work?

What are somatic cells? Non sex cells

What do homeotic genes do? Determine what a bodypart of an animal is

What are the different ways that cell communication to each other? 

How is the head to tail-axis of a fly embryo determined? The location of mRNA

What does morphology mean?

What is a master control gene? Homeotic gene

What controls cells to migrate? Receptors receiving a signal

What types of signal control cell migration? Gradients of signals

What happens during 

• cleavage= The cell is divided multiple times then a cavity is created.

• Gastrulation= the blastula becomes a gastrula

• organogenesis= an embryo is created

What is the difference between the blastula and the gastrula? Cells are in a different place, digestive cavity is created, blastula is first then gastrula

What are the three-germ tissue-layers that develop in animals? Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

What tissues, and organs do the 

• ectoderm= epidermis of skin

• mesoderm = digestive track, liver, pancreas, internal organs

• endoderm = skeletal, muscular, excretory, reproductive systems

Which germ layer turns into the notochord? Which germ layer turns into the neural tube? Ectoderm, neural plate

What is induction?  Influence of one group of cells on an adjacent group of cells

What causes animal cells to move? Chemical signals tell a cell to move to a certain area

What is apoptosis? Cell suicide

Describe why the timing and location of homeotic gene expression is critical for differentiation It can create different types of proteins or other structures such as neurons

Oncogene - Gene that regulates cell division and has the chance to cause cancer

Ras - An gene that controls cell duplication

P53 - A tumor suppressor gene

Mutations in the Ras or p53 pathway and why this leads to cancer They control turning on or off cell division and also the speed of cell division, mutations can cause them to divide at unsustainable rates and become cancerous

Hyperactive versus inactive protein hyperactive sends signals without presence of growth factor, inactive doesn’t send signals