Simile: comparing using "like" or "as" Direct metaphor: direct comparison Indirect metaphor: implied comparison Personification: giving human traits to non-human things Alliteration: repetition of initial sounds Metonymy: substituting a related term Synecdoche: using a part to represent the whole Anaphora: repetition at the beginning Epistrophe: repetition at the end Rhetorical question: question not needing an answer Idiom: expression not literal Paradox: contradictory statement Oxymoron: two contradictory terms Antithesis: contrasting ideas in parallel structure Chiasmus: reversing the order in parallel phrases Allegory: symbolic narrative Fable: short story with moral lesson Symbol: representing something else Binary: two contrasting parts Extended metaphor: sustained comparison Limited narrator: limited perspective Omniscient narrator: all-knowing perspective First-person: narrator as "I" Second-person: narrator as "you" Third-person: narrator as "he/she/they" Satire: using humor to criticize Hyperbole: exaggeration Caricature: exaggerated portrayal Burlesque: mocking imitation Malapropism: humorous misuse of words Parody: imitating for comic effect Incongruity: lack of harmony Anachronism: out-of-time element Meiosis: understatement Passive voice: subject acted upon

Verbal irony: Saying one thing but meaning the opposite. Dramatic irony: Audience knows something characters don't. Situational irony: Outcome is different from what was expected. Socratic irony: Pretending ignorance to expose flaws in others' arguments. Active voice: Subject performs the action. Gothic Romanticism: Blend of horror and romance. Epistolary frame device: Story told through letters. Foil: Character contrasts with another to highlight qualities. Memoir: Personal account of experiences. Dynamic character: Changes throughout the story. Static character: Remains the same. Nonlinear timeline: Events presented out of chronological order. Unreliable narrator: Questionable credibility. Biblical allusion: Reference to the Bible. Classical allusion: Reference to ancient Greek or Roman culture. Historical allusion: Reference to historical events. Literary allusion: Reference to another literary work. Diction: Word choice. Rhetoric: Persuasive language. Logos: Appeal to logic. Ethos: Appeal to ethics. Pathos: Appeal to emotions. Syntax: Sentence structure. Bandwagon: Following the majority. Scapegoating: Blaming a person or group for problems. Slippery slope: Assuming one event will lead to a series of negative events. Appeal to authority: Using authority figures to support an argument. Foreshadowing: Hinting at future events.