Summary of Animal and Plant Cell Functions

Golgi Apparatus: Series of flattened sacs that sort proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance filling the cell, retains its form.
Mitochondria: Converts food molecules (e.g., sugars) into adenosine triphosphate (ATP); known as the powerhouse of the cell.
Nucleus: Houses cell's DNA and directs protein synthesis.
Rough ER: Has ribosomes attached; synthesizes proteins.
Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; modifies proteins made by rough ER.
Cell Membrane: Thin outer covering, controls material movement in and out of the cell; also known as the plasma membrane.
Vacuoles: Membranous sacs for storage; animal cells have multiple smaller vacuoles.
Cytoskeleton: Provides support and structure to the cell.

Cell Wall: Outermost protective covering; provides structure, shape, and protection to the cell.
Cell Membrane: Inside the cell wall; controls substances moving in and out, maintaining homeostasis.
Nucleus: Control center housing DNA; coordinates growth, metabolism, and reproduction activities.
Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance that supports and suspends organelles and cellular molecules.
Ribosomes: Composed of RNA and proteins; sites of protein synthesis.
Golgi Apparatus: Stacks of membrane-bound vesicles that modify, store, and package proteins and liquids.
Vesicles: Small, membrane-enclosed sacs for transporting materials into and out of cells.
Chloroplast: Contains chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis, converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
Mitochondria: Double membrane-bound organelle responsible for energy generation, produces ATP; also known as the powerhouse of the cell.