apush period 1 notes

cultures of central + south america

• took place within 3 civilizations (AD 300-800)

• mayans built cities in yucatan peninsula (modern belize, guatemala, southern mexico)

• aztecs took over after mayans + built tenochtitlan, dominated mexico + central america

• incas located in peru took over south america

• TL;DR: south american cultures took place (mayans in belize, guatemala, southern mexico, aztecs in mexico + central america after mayans, incas SA) from 300-800 AD across south america, central america, mexico

cultures of north america

• populations ranged from <1 mil-more than 10 mil

• smaller bc maize spread slower than it did in mexico

• mostly lived in settlements

• men = make tools + hunt, women = gather plants, grow crops (maize, beans, tobacco)

languages

• algonquian in NE, siouan in GP, athabaskan in SW

sw settlements

• hokokam, anasazi, pueblos located here

• lived in large groups before europeans came

nw settlements

• located from alaska → norcal

• hunting + gathering, v isolated

great plains

• hunters, farming + trading

• raised their own crops + traded

• got horses in 17th cen. by trading + stealing

• farming → hunting

mw settlements

• tons of food = prosperity

• hunting, fishing, agriculture

ne settlements

• ohio valley → ny state

• seneca, cayuga, onondaga, oneida, mohawk

• powerful, battled rivals + europeans

atlantic seaboard settlements

• nj → fl

• rivers + oceans = food

TL;DR: large populations, but not as large as SA bc slow spread of maize, lived in settlements, tribes all over the place w/ various langs

european exploration

• columbus voyages = europeans to NA

cause 1: improvements in tech

• renaissance in 15th + 16th cens.

• gunpowder + sailing compass used (inv. by chinese)

• improved in shipbuilding + mapmaking

• printing press = knowledge spread (europe)

cause 2: religious conflicts

• moors (muslim) took over spain, spanish christians took it back + made it roman catholic

• catholics v. protestants = both desire to go to NA to spread religion

TL;DR: columbus voyages to NA, renaissance = improvements in tech + religious conflicts = desire to go to NA

expanding trade

• desire to trade to even more places (europeans)

new routes

• sail so. along w. africa coast → e. china OR sail w. across atl. ocean

• south + east = shortest route

• set up voyages to explore while columbus thought he got to india (he didn’t)

slave trading

• enslaved ppl captured in wars

• portugese traded for slaves in w. africa (15th cen.)

• used slaves for sugar plantations

• very profitable, used it in americas

african resistance

• resisted slavery however possible

• thousands of miles away from home, but ran, sabotaged work, revolted

• kept african culture alive while they were away from home

TL;DR: europeans desire to trade more, created voyages to trade w/ asia, used enslaved ppl for money (portugese mostly), brought it to NA, african ppl resisted slavery + kept culture

early explorations

• economy + politics + social conditions in europe = christopher columbus

christopher columbus

• 8 years LF $ support

• sailing west (europe → “indies”)

• isabella + ferdinand (spain) gave columbus 3 ships + ton of power (1492)

• canary islands → bahamas (oct 6-12, 1492)

• cool in spain, but didn’t get much

columbus legacy

• died in 1506 thinking he found his route to asia (he didn’t)

• spaniards didn’t like columbus bc he found a “new world”

• people don’t like that he named the people he found “indians”

• land named for amerigo vespucci

• injustices faced by native americans post-european colonization

• perm. interaction btwn world

exchanges

• euro + native american cultures = very different

• contact resulted in columbian exchange

• columbian exchange = plants, animals, germs across atl. ocean

• europeans learned abt corn, sweet + white potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco

• got syphilis too (ruh roh shaggy)

• europeans brought sugarcane, bluegrasses, pigs, horses, the wheel, iron implements, germs

• smallpox + measles = death

• death rate in the millions, wiped out lots of tribal communities

dividing the americas

• spain + portugal first to get territory in americas

• claims → disputes

• pope = mediator, created line of demarcation, gave spain west of line, portugal east (1493)

• spain + portugal moved line a bit more west, signed treaty of torsedillas (1494)

• line gave portugal brazil, spain rest of the americas

spanish exploration + conquest

• spain gave power to expand to conquistadores (explorers + conquerors)

• various trips gave spain power in the americas

• ships loaded w/ gold + silver from mexico + peru → spain

• increased gold supply by more than 500%, richest + most powerful nation in europe

• got others to come to americas for gold + power

• encomienda system = king giving ppl land + natives

• indians forced to farm + work in mines

• rewards given to masters, “took care” of them

• diseases + brutality wiped out natives

• slavery started w/ asiento system

• required to pay taxes on each slave brought to americas

english claims

• john cabot → newfoundland (1497)

• not much exploration happened, too busy w/ other issues

• exploration that was attempted failed

french claims

• started exploring in 1524 w/ giovanni da verazanno (italian explorer)

• explored part of NA e. coast

• also got land from jacques cartier (1534-1542)

• kind of busy w/ other issues, like english

• est. first claim by samuel de champlain - quebec (1608)

• next major claim by louis jalliet + fr. jacques marquette - upper miss. river (1673)

• louisiana founded by robert de la salle (1682)

dutch claims

• netherlands sponsored voyages to americas (1600s)

• henry hudson sailed to hudson river, established dutch claims (1609)

• became new amsterdam, then NY

• gave dutch west india co. the right to control the region (economy benefits)

TL;DR: christopher columbus found the new world, leading to columbian exchange (trade btwn. europe + NA), killing millions of various tribal communities, spain became richest nation (european) + started slavery, leading to england, france, and the netherlands coming to colonize the americas

spanish settlements in north america

• spanish created various settlements in NA, but slow dev.

• lack of minerals + resistance from native americans

florida

• failed a lot + resistance from native americans there

• established st. augustine (oldest city in USA founded by europeans) in 1565

new mexico

• santa fe est. capital (1610)

• tried to christianize native americans → pueblo ppl revolt (1680)

• spanish sent away until 1692

texas

• est. settlements btwn FL + NM

• settlements grew (early 1700s)

• spain resisted french exploring lower miss. river

california

• started bc russians were exploring alaska

• est. perm. settlements in san diego (1769) + san fransisco (1776)

• members of fransiscan order = missions + settlements

• fr. junipero serra founded 9 missions

TL;DR: spanish created various settlements all over the place, but slow dev. from lack of minerals + resistance from NA; created settlements in florida (1565), new mexico (1610), texas (early 1700s), + california (1769)

european treatment of native americans

• europeans didn’t like NAs

• viewed as inferior, exploitable, converted to christianity, military allies

• various approaches used to control + operate colonies

spanish policy

• settled in mexico + peru, found aztec + inca empires

• diseases killed most natives, but ppl in empires could be laborers for the spanish

• many died from either disease(s) or forced labor

• explorers + soldiers married natives + africans

• africans were captured + taken to provide slave labor for spanish colonists

• class system dominated by “pure-blooded” spaniards

bartolome de las casas

• disagreed w/ views pf europeans abt NAs

• owned land + slaves in west indies, fought in wars against indians

• became advocate for better treatment of indians

• advocated for new laws of 1542 - ended indian slavery, halted any forced indian labor, started the end of the encomienda system

• other ppl got king to repeal parts of new laws

valladolid debate

• large debate over indians in spanish colonies took place in valladolid (spain, 1550-1551)

• las casas said that slavery wasn’t justified bc indians were human + morally equal

• juan gines de sepulveda argued that they benefitted the system, so he won the argument

english policy

• settled in areas w/o large native empires

• english colonists came in families, native marriage less common

• massachusetts = english + native coexistence for a while

• english viewed native american culture as savage

• english took more and more land, expelled natives

french policy

• french LF furs + catholic converts

• native americans = economic + military allies

• good relations, built trading posts along st. lawrence valley, great lakes region, miss. river

• french goods → beaver pelts + furs from native americans

• less threat to natives, helped huron ppl fight iroquois

native american reaction

• na tribes = distinct groups

• no concern of unified response from settlers

• european goods = motivation to interact

• after mass death, they needed new ways to survive

• some tribes allied w/ settlers

• past the point of return for life pre-settlers

TL;DR: europeans really didn’t like NAs, treated them poorly, spanish killed many + found laborers from empires + africans, english coexisted w/ NAs until they were expelled, french helped ppl fight iroquois + allied w them, european goods = reason to interact, some alliances w/ settlers, but past the point of return for life pre-settlers