Chapter 39 (1968-1980)

Economic growth was petering out
==Women and teenagers looked down on== for not being as good as adult males in the workplace
Insurance prices skyrocketed

Rising oil prices
Fighting the war and funding Great Society without an increase in taxes
- ==Great Society== - a welfare program created by Richard Nixon
Military/welfare spending
==Prices triple==

Not up-to date because how well they were doing, did not see the need for improvement
Japan and Germany had better factories
American factories were becoming ==obtuse==

Started in 1955 in Southeast Asia
Tax dollars diverted to conflict instead of education and research, slows down social progress
By 1970 everyone ==hated the war==
40,000 killed
Low morale
College students and people with critical skills were exempt from the draft
High concentration of ==African Americans== in the army due to them being impoverished (they needed the jobs)
==Defeated in 1975== due to Congress not letting President Ford give more weapons
Bad for America, ==lost morale and lost face== in front of foreign powers

Lots of disquiet over Vietnam war
Withdrew all 540,000 troops
Give South Vietnamese money to fight their war
Doves: Wanted complete withdrawal immediately
Hawkes: held moratoriums, antiwar
==Nixon Doctrine:== US honors their agreements for now, but in the future, all asian countries must fight their own war

### Cambodia -

Nixon ordered Cambodia, a town in Vietnam, to be cleared ==without congress approval==
Citizens were unhappy, led to riots in college
American troops were withdrawn two months later
1973, Congress found out that secret bombings , led by Nixon, were happening
Nixon continued to bomb communist forces in Cambodia despite Congress’s disapproval, leading to the War powers Act
==War Powers Act== - president must report within 48 hours after committing troops to a foreign conflict

Wanted to pressure China and Soviet Union into ==defeating North Vietnam==
Traveled to China and Moscow, ==successfully== made deals
China: America stopped supporting Taiwan for independence
USSR: Agreed to sell food to USSR, passed the ABM (you can only have two clusters of missiles), ==SALT== (no missiles for 5 years)
- Didn’t stop them from producing MIRVs (vehicles that have warheads)
Created a ==Detente== (easing of hostilities)

Republicans tried to plant bugs in democratic head office, named CREEP
VP was taking bribes
==Saturday Night Massacre==: Nixon fired his own prosecutor and attorney general since they could not help him try to cover this up
Supreme court made Nixon release ==Oval Tapes==, which were voice recordings that showed Nixon trying to cover up the scandal
Led to ==Nixon’s resignation==

Led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, named ==Burger Court==
Griswold v. Connecticut(1965): bans contraceptives
Miranda(1966): Miranda rights
Engel v. Vitale (1962): no bible readings/ prayers in school
“Burger Court” didn’t dismantle the decisions of the liberal “Warren Court” that came before them ,to Nixon’s disappointment

Created goals and timetables for hiring African Americans
Transforms ==Affirmative action== into something that focuses on groups instead of individuals
Griggs v. Duke (1971) - bans intelligence tests meant to discriminate against people of color
More opportunities for minorities
Critics argued it was “Reverse discrimination”

America was ==dependent on oil== for everything
American assistance brought Israel and Cairo, who were at war, to a cease fire
Led to Arab nations setting oil embargo; didn’t like America getting involved
Led to the creation of the ==Alaska pipeline==, a ==national speed limit==, and a focus on coal and nuclear power in order to preserve oil
1974 the embargo was lifted, but ==oil was sold at 4x the original price==

==Elected by Congress==, not the people
Granted a pardon to Nixon
Supported the Detente, though it was very one sided in Europe’s favor
Due to Moscow violating human rights, the ==Detente was restricted== and heavily taboo

Democratic
Won the ==African American majority==
Defeated Ford
“I’ll never lie to you”
- This slogan worked due to Richard Nixon’s scandal
Signed an accord between Egypt and Israel (==summit conference==)
Full diplomatic relations with China
Inflation resumed
Tried to fix the dependence on oil but failed (people still used it too much)
After the oil crisis deepened, he said that people were too materialistic and ==lost the popular opinion==

Had a lot of oil but stopped giving to the US due to the US ==giving sanctuary to the Shah== (the Iranian leader) that was overthrown
Treaties were trying to be made, but ==Muslims stormed the American embassy==, and took all the occupants hostage (demanded return of the Shah so he can be tried and executed)
When ==USSR tried to attack== Iran, US put an ==embargo on grain and machinery== because they needed the oil from Iran
Carter tried to send people to rescue the hostages, but it ==failed== and 8 people died
Decade ends with a stalemate in Iran

This was a time where ==women were becoming more equal/independent==, which threatened the view of domesticity
Title IX: ==no sex discrimination== in federal educational programs or activities (1972)
ERA: equal rights amendment regardless of sex (1972), died in 1982
Reed v. Reed (1971) challenged discrimination of sex in workplace
Roe v. Wade (1973) made ==abortion legal==
1972 - Nixon vetoed national daycare, on account of ==weakening families==
Overall ==rising divorce rates==, blamed on women for becoming more dependent
Religious grassroots movements to deny abortion
Affirmative-action programs became more restricted
==Indians seized island of Alcatraz== in 1970, allowing United States v. Wheeler, saying that tribes had to follow Congress rules, but not state rules (1978)