Chapter 26: War and Revolution, 1914-1920

• Technology prevented the war from being long

• Militarism consisted of an intense increase in production and planning for military operations

• Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated

• Five weeks before war was declared:

  • Austria-Hungary held the Serbian government responsible and made unreasonable demands as an ultimatum

  • Serbia tried to meet demands but attempts were rejected with Austria-Hungary cutting off diplomatic relations

  • Germany supported Austria-Hungary

  • Russia had a secret alliance with Serbia and mobilized on Serbia’s behalf

  • Germany demanded that Russia stop with the mobilization to which Russia refused

  • Germany declared war on Russia and France and went on to invade Belgium

  • England declared war on Germany

  • Ottoman Empire joined Germany and Austria-Hungary

• Battle of Tannenberg and Battle of Masurian Lakes

  • Russia lost two armies in the east

  • Russian military had poor leadership and lacked sufficient supplies and training

• Trench Warfare

• Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria defeated Serbia

• 1917: “Blackest Year of the War”

  • Italy suffered a large defeat and was effectively taken out of the war

  • Russians dropped out of the war due to revolutions

  • Germans tried to get offensive victory before the U.S. could join the war

• During the war, women filled the empty positions in every level of the economy

  • Women finally got the right to vote by the end of the war

• “Total War”

  • Mass civilization populations were involved in the war

• A dictatorship was created in France during the war

• The war ended in 1919

  • Paris Peace Conference (1919)

  • Versailles Treaty (1919)

• The blame for the war was placed on Germany, meaning that Germany would be punished severely

• There were massive casualties from the war

  • 10 million soldiers were dead

  • 10 million civilians were dead

• Habsburg dynasty which had lasted 500 years, was removed from Austria

• Romanov dynasty which had lasted 300 years, was removed from Russia

• Hohenzollern dynasty which had lasted 300 years, was removed from Germany

• The Ottoman Empire which had lasted 500 years, was destroyed

• The political map of Europe was redrawn

  • Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Yugoslavia were on the map

• Russian Revolution led to the world’s first communist country

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