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104-108 The Northern Renaissance and Reformation Notes

The Northern Renaissance

Discussion Points (Page 2)

  • Michelangelo's David:

    • Symbolized what? Why?

  • Frescoes in the Great Council Chamber of Florence:

    • Meaning of the frescoes.

  • Machiavelli's relationship with the Medici:

    • What was their relationship?

    • Prediction of future events.

  • Sculpting of the Medici Tombs:

    • Why was it "an offer Michelangelo couldn’t refuse"?

  • Giovanni de Medici:

    • What kind of pope was he?

Aim (Page 3)

  • Analyze the interrelation of religious, social, political, economic, technological, and geographic forces that led to the emergence of The Reformation in Germany at the height of medieval Christendom.

Conditions for the Spread of Renaissance Ideas (Page 4)

  • What conditions allowed for the spread of Renaissance ideas into Northern Europe?

Significance of Trade (Page 5)

  • What do the following maps suggest about the significance of trade in the evolution of the Northern Renaissance?

Medieval Trade Routes and Trade Fairs (Page 8)

  • Trade routes

  • Towns holding fairs

  • Hanseatic towns

  • Hanseatic trading posts

  • Principal commercial centers

  • The map is misleading. Why?

Obstacles (Page 9)

  • What obstacle?

Medieval European Trade Routes (Page 10 and 11)

  • Detailed zoomable map of Medieval European Trade Routes

The Hanseatic League (Page 12)

  • reason #2

  • KING'S LYNN

  • LONDON

  • BERGEN

  • BRÜGGE

  • KÖLN

  • FALSTERBO

  • VISBY

  • RIGA

  • DANZIG

  • LÜBECK

  • HAMBURG

  • NOVGOROD

Medieval Trade Routes (Page 13)

  • Hanseatic Routes

  • Venetian Routes

  • Genoese Routes

  • Overland Connections

  • Hanseatic Towns

  • London

  • Cologne

  • Paris

  • Riga

  • Danzig

  • Venice

  • Genoa

  • Marseille

  • Constantinople

  • Toledo

  • Lisbon

  • Tunis

European Trade in the XVth century (Page 14)

  • Commercial routes

  • Hanseatic towns

  • Towns with fairs

  • Principal trading centres

Map of Europe (Page 15)

Map of Medieval Trade (Page 16)

Spread of Renaissance Philosophy (Page 17)

  • The Hanseatic League with goods, wealth, and new ideas, allowing Renaissance philosophy to spread from Italy to north of the Alps.

  • Northern Renaissance @ France, the Low Countries (BENELUX - Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg), Germany, and England.

Aspects of the Renaissance Appealing to Northern Europeans (Page 18)

  • Connection to the Classics - ancient text

  • Humanism / agency of human intellect

  • Advancements in science - emphasis on empirical observation.

  • Education & Inquiry

  • New artistic techniques (later Baroque)

France and Leonardo da Vinci (Page 19-20)

  • King Francis I invited Leonardo da Vinci to live in France near his palace.

  • Francis is purported to have held Leonardo in his arms when he died.

Erasmus (Page 21)

  • Preeminent Dutch scholar of Humanism.

  • Born in Rotterdam.

  • Well-travelled.

  • Taught at Cambridge.

  • Letters with Martin Luther who used his translation of The New Testament from Greek into Latin.

Universities (Page 22)

  • ENGLAND: Oxford, Cambridge

  • GERMANY: Erfurt, Cologne, Wittenburg

  • FRANCE: The Sorbonne

Feudalism Decline (Page 23)

  • post-plague environment

  • use of money over land

  • growth of freemen

  • independent nation state monarchies

  • reducing dependence on nobility

  • obsolete feudal armies (technology)

  • agricultural productivity

Pilgrimage (Page 24)

  • Pilgrims from north of the Alps regularly made the long trek to the capital of Christendom: ROME.

Medici Banks (Page 25)

  • Branches in the north would have conveyed the same concept of patronage producing high-profile art, thereby cultivating a sense of prestige associated with the patron’s brand.

Poland (Page 26)

  • Florentine artists moved to Poland at the behest of the Polish king. Launched an artistic Renaissance in Krakow.

Northern Art Reflecting Italian Renaissance Ideas (Page 27)

  • How does the Northern art reflect Italian Renaissance ideas? How was it different?

Peasant Dance (Page 28)

  • Peasant Dance (Northern Renaissance) by Pieter Breughel

Northern Artists Reflecting Renaissance Ideas (Page 31)

  • The focus was on everyday humans and events.

  • They used color/light and techniques like perspective to portray realism.

  • How were the Renaissance artists different from Italian artists?

  • Not as much obsession with the classics, but Renaissance ideals of Humanism still present

  • New use of light/dark contrast

  • Northern Renaissance artists used a new technique called engraving too

Vermeer (Page 32-33)

  • Vermeer is most famous for his study and use of light in his portraits - conveys realism.

Albrecht Durer (Page 34)

  • Some Northern artists painted religious themes, but were still humanist

  • Albrecht Durer was famous for his engravings but also engraved religious scenes

Northern Renaissance Art Analysis (Page 35)

  • What is the new element introduced by the Northern Renaissance style?

  • What purpose might the artist be trying to serve in painting this?

Jan Steen (Page 36)

  • Steen tried to show how NOT to behave in society by focusing on everyday people.

  • His painting focused on behavior to avoid:

    • Man and woman have a crude relationship

    • Woman dressed inappropriately

    • Kids running lose

The Dissolute Household (Page 36)

  • The Dissolute Household, Jan Steen 1663

Activity - Copying an Image (Page 37)

  • Copy this image exactly how it appears…3 times.

  • Why was this a difficult task?

  • It was hard because:

    • It is easy to make an error and it’s hard to replicate the image at a fast pace

Activity 1 - Reading and Discussion (Pages 38-39)

  • Complete the reading and then use it to answer this question

  • When you finish, discuss the answers with your group.

  • Then collectively fill out the back

  • Collective Questions

    1. Why was relying on hand-written works problematic?

    2. Why was the printing press beneficial?

    3. How did Gutenberg solve the problem of wood-cut texts?

Pre-Gutenberg (Page 40)

  • Pre-Gutenberg’s invention: anything that needed to be copied was done by hand. This was called illuminated manuscript. It was very pretty but took a long time to make.

Pre-Gutenberg Block Books (Page 41)

  • Pre-Gutenberg’s invention: BLOCK BOOKS but they took a long time to make, were fragile, and would sometimes only be able to be used for a specific book.

Gutenberg's Contribution to the Northern Renaissance (Page 42)

  • Gutenberg: invents INDIVIDUAL metal molds that have separate letters on them; they were RE-ARRANGEABLE.

  • He also introduced the printing press (press stamps against paper)

  • Now people could produce written work at a faster pace, with fewer errors

  • The book that was put to the press the fastest…(can you guess?)

  • THE BIBLE! 20 million were made!

The Gutenberg Bible (Page 44)

Discussion on the Printing Press (Page 46)

  • What is the current-day corollary of the printing press?

Cities with Printing Press (Pages 47-52)

  • Maps showing the spread of the printing press

    • 1450

    • 1460

    • 1470

    • 1480

    • 1490

    • 1500

Spread of the Printing Press (Page 53)

Impact of Moveable Type/Printing Press (Page 54)

  • Religious impacts:

    • Christian ideas were spread more easily

    • People felt that they could have a more direct connection to God (they could have a Bible in their homes!) Not surprisingly, the Church didn’t love this

  • Scientific impacts:

    • People could privately acquire info (more education)

    • They could question/build off of scientific findings (The Church didn’t like this).

  • Language impacts:

    • Even more emphasis in writing in the vernacular

    • There was increased education

    • They could start to use the Bible (from different areas) to teach themselves new languages!

  • Social class impacts:

    • Books were made at a faster rate and cheaper cost, so lower class could get educated (become “Renaissance Men” and “Renaissance women”)

    • Emergence of a middle class

    • Increased literacy!!

The Reformation: Part 1 - Christendom & Luther's Early Years (Page 55)

  1. When and where does this story take place?

  2. What was Christendom? Capital? Leader? Religion?

  3. Why did the church have so much power?

  4. How did Luther's father reflect changes that resulted from the Commercial Revolution and the Black Death?

Part 1 Continued (Page 56)

  1. Why did Luther become a monk?

  2. Describe life in a medieval monastery.

  3. What kind of monk was Luther?

The Reformation: Part 2 - Rome, Indulgences & Luther's Protest (Page 57)

  • What did Luther expect would happen on his pilgrimage to Rome?

  • What did he discover he had walked into?

  • What was an indulgence?

Vatican Corportation (Page 58)

  • Headquarters:

  • CEO:

  • Customers:

  • Locations:

  • Employees:

  • Annual Revenue:

  • Philosophy:

Part 2 Continued (Page 59)

3) What was an indulgence?

4) What is purgatory?

5) What did Luther witness in Rome? What was his reaction?

6) What revelation did studying bring to Luther?

Part 2 Continued (Page 60)

7) What kind of Pope was Leo X?

8) How did Pope Leo raise money to cover the debt he created?

9) What document did Luther write in October 1517?

Activity 2 (Page 61)

  • From last night’s film, discuss….

1) religious factors impact economic factors

2) religious factors impact religious factors

3) economic factors impact religious factors

4) Who was Johann Tetzel?

Heresy Definiton (Page 62)

  • Heresy (/ˈherəsi/) is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs.

Summary Question (Page 63)

  • How did Northern Europeans contribute to the Renaissance and impact society?

Discussion (Page 66)

  • Copy this image exactly how it appears…3 times.

  • Why was this a difficult task?

  • It was hard because:

    • It is easy to make an error and it’s hard to replicate the image at a fast pace

Activity 1 (Page 67-68)

  • Complete the reading and then use it to answer this question

  • When you finish, discuss the answers with your group.

  • Then collectively fill out the back

  1. Why was relying on hand-written works problematic?

  2. Why was the printing press beneficial?

  3. How did Gutenberg solve the problem of wood-cut texts?

Gutenberg (Page 69)

  • Pre-Gutenberg’s invention: anything that needed to be copied was done by hand. This was called illuminated manuscript. It was very pretty but took a long time to make.

Block books (Page 70)

  • Pre-Gutenberg’s invention: BLOCK BOOKS but they took a long time to make, were fragile, and would sometimes only be able to be used for a specific book.

Tang Dynasty - wooden panel printing (Page 71)

  • The earliest known printed book is The Diamond Sutra, printed in 868 CE, discovered in Dunhuang. This method involved carving an entire page into a wooden panel, inking it and pressing it onto paper

Song Dynasty clay & wood block movable type printing (Page 72)

  • Moveable clay block type was introduced c. 1040 CE, but was fragile, and soon replaced by carved wooden block type.

Goryeo dynasty (Korea) metal movable type printing (Page 73)

  • Eventually Koreans devised a metal block type in the Goryeo dynasty of the

Gutenberg’s contribution to the printing press (Page 74)

  • Gutenberg: Invents INDIVIDUAL metal molds that have separate letters on them; they were RE-ARRANGEABLE.

  • He also introduced the printing press (press stamps against paper).

  • Now people could produce written work at a faster pace, with fewer errors.

  • The book that was put to the press the fastest…(can you guess?)

  • THE BIBLE! 20 million were made!

Current day corellary of the printing press (Page 78)

  • List of all possible types of communication and how it is fast now.

Various Printing press city images (Pages 79, 80, 81, 82, 83)

Printing press social impacts (Page 84)

  • How did moveable type/printing press forever change society in Europe?

  • Religious impacts: Christian ideas were spread more easily and people felt that they could have a more direct connection to God (they could have a Bible in their homes!)

  • Scientific impacts: People could privately acquire info (more education), and they could question/build off of scientific findings

  • Language impacts: Even more emphasis in writing in the vernacular and there was increased education

  • Social class impacts: Books were made at a faster rate and cheaper cost, so lower class could get educated, emergence of a middle class, and increased literacy.

The Reformation: Part 1 (Page 85)

1) When and where does this story take place?

2) What was Christendom? Capital? Leader? Religion?

3) Why did the church have so much power?

4) How did Luther's father reflect changes that resulted from the Commercial Revolution and the Black Death?

The Reformation: Part 1 continued (Page 86)

5) Why did Luther become a monk?

6) Describe life in a medieval monastery.

7) What kind of monk was Luther?

The Reformation: Part 2 (Rome, Indulgences & Luther's Protest) (Page 87)

  • What did Luther expect would happen on his pilgrimage to Rome?

  • What did he discover he had walked into?

  • What was an indulgence?

The Reformation: Part 2 continued (Page 88)

3) What was an indulgence?

4) What is purgatory?

5) What did Luther witness in Rome? What was his reaction?

6) What revelation did studying bring to Luther?

The Reformation: Part 2 continued (Page 89)

7) What kind of Pope was Leo X?

8) How did Pope Leo raise money to cover the debt he created?

9) What document did Luther write in October 1517?

Reformation points (Pages 94-95)

  • WYCLIF

  • The Protestant

  • Reformation

  • Martin Luther

  • DO NOW: What do you think of this idea!

    • From now on, you can either do your homework assignments OR pay me 20 per assignment rather than doing them and still get 100%.

    • Essays and projects will cost 100!

    • Final grade of 100 = $$10,000

Images of images (page 96)

  • DISCUSS! Each of the following images were sponsored or supported by the Church: What do they all have in common?

Discussion (Pages 102-103)

  • What do they all have in common?

  • The Reformation: Part 2 - Rome, Indulgences & Luther's Protest

    • What did Luther expect would happen on his pilgrimage to Rome?

    • What did he discover he had walked into?

    • What was an indulgence?

What is purgatory? (Pages 104-106)

3) What was an indulgence?

4) What is purgatory?

5) What did Luther witness in Rome? What was his reaction?

6) What revelation did studying bring to Luther?

7) What kind of Pope was Leo X?

8) How did Pope Leo raise money to cover the debt he created?

9) What document did Luther write in October 1517?

Heresy (Page 106)

her·e·sy

/ˈherəsē/
noun
noun: heresy; plural noun: heresies
belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine.

"Huss was burned for heresy"
synonyms: dissension, dissent, dissidence, blasphemy, nonconformity, unorthodoxy, heterodoxy, apostasy, freethinking, schism, faction; More.
antonyms: orthodoxy
opinion profoundly at odds with what is generally accepted.
he Medieval Church at the height of Christendom. Then, choose a global corporation with a storefront retail operation (I like to use McDonald's, but not necessary) and do the same calculations for that organization.
The purpose of this exercise is to try and comprehend in real dollar, demographic, and logistical terms just how impactful the Church was to the life of Europeans in the Middle Ages.

Church Vs Corporation (Page 107)

Tables on Population in Medieval Europe (Pages 108-114)

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