KD

1. Allosteric Regulation

Activation: A regulatory molecule binds to an allosteric site, changing the proteins shape to enhance substrate binding, speeding up the reaction.

EX: Phosphofructokinase(PFK) in cellular respiration

Inhibition: The regulatory molecule binds to the allosteric site, altering the shape to decrease substrate binding, slowing down the reaction

  1. Phosphorylation

Adding a phosphate group to proteins can activate or inhibit enzymes, similar to allosteric regulation.

EX: Pyruvate dehydrogenase

  1. Competitive Inhibition

A regulatory molecule competes with the substrate for the active site, blocking the reaction.

EX: Isocitrate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle

  1. Photosynthesis overview

Light capture reactions: Involves two photosystems that capture light energy.creating a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to produce ATP.

Calvin Cycle: Uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to fix carbon dioxide into sugars