Untitled Flashcards Set

📘 VOCABULARY – Definitions + Amendment + Key Court Case

1. Precedent
   Definition: A previous court decision that guides future cases.
   Amendment/Case: Tinker v. Des Moines – student speech rights at school became a precedent.

2. Exclusionary Rule
   Definition: Evidence found illegally cannot be used in court.
   Amendment/Case: 4th Amendment, Mapp v. Ohio – police searched without a warrant.

3. Double Jeopardy
   Definition: You can’t be tried twice for the same crime after being found not guilty.
   Amendment: 5th Amendment

4. Self-Incrimination
   Definition: You don’t have to say anything that could make you look guilty.
   Amendment/Case: 5th Amendment, Miranda v. Arizona

5. Due Process
   Definition: Fair treatment through legal procedures.
   Amendment/Case: 5th and 14th Amendments, In re Gault – juveniles must get fair legal process.

6. Right to Counsel
   Definition: Right to a lawyer even if you can’t afford one.
   Amendment/Case: 6th Amendment, Gideon v. Wainwright

7. Probable Cause
   Definition: Strong reason to believe a crime was committed, needed for a warrant.
   Amendment/Case: 4th Amendment, Terry v. Ohio

8. Reasonable Suspicion
   Definition: Less than probable cause; used in schools or quick police stops.
   Amendment/Case: 4th Amendment, New Jersey v. T.L.O.

9. Habeas Corpus
   Definition: Right to be told why you are being held.
   Amendment: 6th Amendment (right to know charges), part of due process

10. Cruel and Unusual Punishment
    Definition: Extreme or unfair punishments are not allowed.
    Amendment/Case: 8th Amendment, Furman v. Georgia

11. Capital Punishment
    Definition: Death penalty.
    Amendment/Cases: 8th Amendment, Gregg v. Georgia, Roper v. Simmons

12. NSA (National Security Agency)
    Definition: Government agency that collects digital surveillance data.
    Amendment: Controversial with the 4th Amendment (privacy rights)

13. Search Warrant
    Definition: Court order to search a place, requires probable cause.
    Amendment: 4th Amendment

14. Freedom of Expression
    Definition: You can express yourself freely (speech, clothes, opinions).
    Amendment/Case: 1st Amendment, Tinker v. Des Moines

15. Eminent Domain
    Definition: Gov can take property but must pay fair value.
    Amendment: 5th Amendment

16. Null and Void
    Definition: A law or rule is no longer valid or enforceable.
    Use: Courts declare unconstitutional laws “null and void.”

17. Lethal Injection
    Definition: Method used in executions.
    Amendment: 8th Amendment – debated in death penalty cases.

18. Miranda Rights
    Definition: Police must tell you your rights when arrested.
    Amendment/Case: 5th Amendment, Miranda v. Arizona

19. Petition
    Definition: Asking the government to make a change.
    Amendment: 1st Amendment

20. Appeals Court
    Definition: Reviews lower court decisions; may send a case to the Supreme Court.
    Use: Seen in Gideon v. Wainwright, Miranda v. Arizona, etc.

21. Does New Jersey have the death penalty?
    Answer: No. NJ abolished it in 2007.

22. Impartial
    Definition: Fair, not biased.
    Amendment: 6th Amendment – right to a fair, unbiased trial

23. Subpoena
    Definition: Court order to show up in court or give evidence.
    Amendment: Related to 6th Amendment and due process

🧾 AMENDMENTS – Quick Summary

• 1st Amendment: Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, petition

• 4th Amendment: No illegal searches/seizures, must have a warrant or probable cause

• 5th Amendment:

  • Right to remain silent

  • No double jeopardy

  • Due process

  • Eminent domain (fair pay for property)

• 6th Amendment:

  • Speedy & public trial

  • Right to a lawyer

  • Know the charges

  • Face witnesses

• 8th Amendment:

  • No cruel and unusual punishment

  • No excessive bail/fines

🗽 1st AMENDMENT – EXAMPLES