The Ultimate Study Guide

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Final Exam Review_ Terms List 0 & 1.pdf

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write out the term and put a number before it, and give me the definition

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It looks like you've uploaded a list of psychology-related terms, but there are no definitions included in the document. Do you want me to define each term for you? If so, I can go through them systematically. Let me know how you'd like to proceed!

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yes please

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Here's a list of the terms along with their definitions:

1. Cultural norms – Shared expectations and rules that guide the behavior of people within a group or society.

2. Confirmation bias – The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs.

3. Hindsight bias – The tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that one would have predicted or expected the outcome.

4. Overconfidence – The tendency to be more confident in one’s judgments and abilities than is objectively justified.

5. Case study – A detailed examination of an individual or small group, often used in psychological research.

6. Naturalistic observation – Observing behavior in its natural environment without interference or manipulation.

7. Hypothesis – A testable prediction derived from a scientific theory.

8. Falsifiability – The principle that a scientific theory or hypothesis must be able to be proven false through evidence.

9. Operational definitions – Specific explanations of abstract concepts that a researcher plans to measure.

10. Replication – The ability to repeat a research study to confirm or refute the findings.

11. Sample – A subset of a population selected for research.

12. Population – The entire group of individuals a researcher is interested in studying.

13. Representative sample – A subset of the population that accurately reflects the characteristics of the larger group.

14. Random sampling – A method of selecting participants for a study in which everyone in the population has an equal chance of being chosen.

15. Convenience sampling – Selecting participants based on availability rather than randomness.

16. Structured interview – A research method that involves asking each participant the same set of questions.

17. Survey – A research method that collects data from a large number of respondents through questionnaires or interviews.

18. Correlation – A statistical measure that describes the relationship between two variables.

19. Variables – Factors or elements that can change and be measured in research.

20. Positive correlation – A relationship where an increase in one variable corresponds to an increase in another.

21. Negative correlation – A relationship where an increase in one variable corresponds to a decrease in another.

22. Scatterplot – A graph that shows the relationship between two variables using points.

23. Correlational coefficient – A numerical value that represents the strength and direction of a correlation (ranging from -1 to +1).

24. Directionality problem – The issue in correlational studies where it is unclear which variable influences the other.

25. Third variable problem – When an unaccounted-for variable influences the relationship between two variables.

26. Likert scale – A scale commonly used in surveys that measures responses on a continuum (e.g., strongly agree to strongly disagree).

27. Experimentation – A research method involving the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

28. Independent variable – The variable that is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.

29. Dependent variable – The variable that is measured and affected by changes in the independent variable.

30. Confounding variables – Extraneous factors that can interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

31. Random assignment – Assigning participants to experimental or control groups by chance to reduce bias.

32. Experimental group/condition – The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or manipulation.

33. Control group/condition – The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment and is used as a comparison.

34. Placebo – A substance or treatment with no active effect, used as a control in experiments.

35. Placebo effect – When participants experience changes simply because they believe they are receiving treatment.

36. Single-blind procedure – An experimental design where participants do not know if they are receiving the treatment or placebo.

37. Double-blind procedure – An experimental design where neither participants nor researchers know who is receiving the treatment.

38. Experimenter bias – When a researcher’s expectations influence the results of a study.

39. Social desirability bias – When participants respond in a way they think is socially acceptable rather than truthful.

40. Sampling bias – A bias that occurs when the sample is not representative of the population.

41. Meta-analysis – A statistical technique that combines results from multiple studies to find overall trends.

42. Central tendency – A measure that describes the center of a data set (mean, median, or mode).

43. Variation – The extent to which data points differ from the average in a dataset.

44. Percentile rank – A score that indicates the percentage of scores in a distribution that a particular score is higher than.

45. Mean – The arithmetic average of a set of numbers.

46. Statistical significance – A measure of whether research findings are likely due to chance.

47. Median – The middle value in a set of ordered numbers.

48. Mode – The most frequently occurring value in a data set.

49. Range – The difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set.

50. Normal curve – A symmetrical bell-shaped graph representing a normal distribution of data.

This is just the first part of the list. Do you want me to continue defining more terms?

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yes

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Here are more terms along with their definitions:

51. Positive skew – A distribution where most data points are clustered at the lower end, with a long tail on the right.

52. Negative skew – A distribution where most data points are clustered at the higher end, with a long tail on the left.

53. Bimodal distribution – A distribution with two peaks, indicating two dominant data points.

54. Standard deviation – A measure of how much data points vary from the mean.

55. Regression toward the mean – The tendency for extreme scores to move closer to the average over time.

56. Qualitative research/measurements – Research that focuses on non-numerical data, such as interviews and observations.

57. Quantitative research/measurements – Research that collects numerical data for analysis.

58. Generalizability (external validity) – The extent to which research findings can be applied to other settings or populations.

59. Peer review – The process where experts evaluate research before it is published to ensure quality and validity.

60. Institutional review board (IRB) – A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure ethical treatment of participants.

61. Informed consent – A participant’s agreement to take part in research after being fully informed of its nature and risks.

62. Informed assent – When minors or individuals with limited decision-making capacity provide agreement to participate in research.

63. Protection from harm confidentiality – Ensuring that participants are not exposed to unnecessary risks and that their data is kept private.

64. Deception – Misleading participants about the true purpose of a study, allowed only when necessary and ethical.

65. Debriefing – Informing participants about the true purpose of a study after it has concluded.

66. Right to withdraw – Participants have the right to leave a study at any time without consequences.

67. Internal validity – The degree to which an experiment is free from confounding variables and accurately measures the intended effect.

68. Reliability – The consistency and repeatability of research results.

Brain and Nervous System

69. Brainstem – The oldest part of the brain, responsible for basic survival functions.

70. Medulla – Controls autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate.

71. Pons – Involved in sleep, respiration, and coordinating movements.

72. Reticular activating system (reticular formation) – A network in the brainstem that regulates alertness and arousal.

73. Reward center – Brain areas associated with pleasure and reinforcement, often linked to the release of dopamine.

74. Cerebellum – Coordinates voluntary movement, balance, and motor learning.

75. Cerebral cortex – The outermost layer of the brain involved in complex thinking, perception, and decision-making.

76. Limbic system – A group of structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory.

77. Thalamus – The brain’s relay station for sensory information.

78. Hypothalamus – Regulates basic drives like hunger, thirst, and temperature control.

79. Pituitary gland – The "master gland" that regulates hormone production.

80. Hippocampus – Essential for memory formation and spatial navigation.

81. Amygdala – Involved in processing emotions, especially fear and aggression.

82. Corpus callosum – A bundle of nerve fibers connecting the brain’s two hemispheres.

83. Occipital lobes – The brain’s primary visual processing center.

84. Temporal lobes – Processes auditory information and is involved in memory.

85. Parietal lobes – Processes sensory input related to touch and spatial awareness.

86. Association areas – Regions of the brain involved in integrating and interpreting information.

87. Sensory cortex (somatosensory cortex) – Processes touch and body sensations.

88. Frontal lobes – Responsible for reasoning, planning, problem-solving, and voluntary movement.

89. Motor cortex – Controls voluntary muscle movements.

90. Prefrontal cortex – Involved in complex thought, decision-making, and social behavior.

91. Broca’s Area – Responsible for speech production.

92. Wernicke’s Area – Involved in language comprehension.

93. Aphasia – A language disorder resulting from brain damage affecting speech or comprehension.

94. Linguistic processing – How the brain understands and processes language.

95. Executive functioning – Higher-level cognitive processes such as planning, impulse control, and problem-solving.

96. Split brain research – Studies on individuals with severed corpus callosum to understand hemispheric specialization.

97. Hemispheric specialization – The idea that the left and right hemispheres of the brain perform different functions.

98. Contralateral hemispheric organization – The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vice versa.

99. Plasticity – The brain’s ability to adapt and reorganize itself, especially after injury.

100. Lesion – Damage to brain tissue that can affect behavior and function.

Consciousness and Sleep

101. Lesioning – A technique that involves damaging specific brain areas to study their function.

102. Consciousness – Awareness of oneself and the environment.

103. Circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycle) – The body’s internal clock that regulates sleep and wakefulness.

104. Jet lag – Disruption of circadian rhythms due to rapid travel across time zones.

105. Shift work – Working schedules that disrupt normal sleep patterns, affecting health and cognitive function.

106. NREM stage 1 – The lightest stage of sleep, characterized by slow eye movement and relaxation.

107. Hypnogogic sensations – Hallucinations or sensations of falling that occur during sleep onset.

108. NREM-2 – A deeper stage of sleep where sleep spindles (bursts of brain activity) occur.

109. NREM-3 – The deepest stage of sleep, important for physical restoration.

110. REM rebound – The tendency to enter REM sleep more quickly after being sleep-deprived.

111. Dream theory: activation synthesis – The theory that dreams result from the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity.

112. Dream theory: information consolidation theory – The idea that dreaming helps process and store information from the day.

113. Restoration of resources – The function of sleep in replenishing physical and mental energy.

114. Insomnia – Difficulty falling or staying asleep.

115. Narcolepsy – A sleep disorder characterized by sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks.

116. Night terrors – Episodes of intense fear during sleep, often occurring in children.

117. Sleep apnea – A disorder where breathing repeatedly stops during sleep.

118. REM sleep behavior disorder – A condition where individuals act out their dreams physically.

119. Somnambulism (sleepwalking) – Walking or performing activities while asleep.

There are still more terms to go! Would you like me to continue?

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yes

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Psychoactive Drugs and Neurotransmitters

120. Psychoactive drugs – Substances that alter perception, mood, and behavior by affecting neurotransmitter activity.

121. Stimulants – Drugs that increase neural activity and speed up body functions (e.g., caffeine, cocaine).

122. Caffeine – A stimulant that increases alertness by blocking adenosine receptors.

123. Cocaine – A powerful stimulant that increases dopamine levels in the brain, leading to euphoria.

124. Depressants – Drugs that slow down the nervous system, reducing arousal and activity levels (e.g., alcohol, barbiturates).

125. Alcohol – A depressant that impairs judgment, coordination, and reaction times.

126. Hallucinogens – Drugs that alter perception, mood, and thoughts (e.g., LSD, marijuana).

127. Marijuana – A psychoactive drug that affects mood, perception, and cognition by interacting with cannabinoid receptors.

128. Opioids – A class of drugs that relieve pain and produce euphoria (e.g., morphine, heroin).

129. Heroin – A highly addictive opioid that affects the brain’s reward system.

130. Tolerance – The need for increasing amounts of a drug to achieve the same effect.

131. Addiction – A compulsive craving for a substance despite negative consequences.

132. Withdrawal – Physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a drug is discontinued.

133. Neuroadaptation – The brain’s ability to adapt to repeated drug exposure, often leading to tolerance.

134. Agonists – Chemicals that enhance or mimic the action of neurotransmitters.

135. Antagonists – Chemicals that block or reduce the effects of neurotransmitters.

Sensation and Perception

136. Wavelength – The distance between successive waves of energy, affecting color in vision and pitch in sound.

137. Pitch – The perceived frequency of a sound wave, determining how high or low a tone sounds.

138. Amplitude – The height of a wave, affecting brightness in vision and loudness in sound.

139. Loudness – The perception of the strength of a sound wave, influenced by amplitude.

140. Place theory – The theory that pitch perception is determined by where vibrations occur along the cochlea.

141. Volley theory – A theory that groups of neurons fire in rapid succession to process high-frequency sounds.

142. Frequency theory – The idea that pitch is perceived based on how fast neurons fire in response to sound waves.

143. Sound localization – The ability to determine the origin of a sound in space.

144. Conduction deafness – Hearing loss caused by damage to the middle or outer ear.

145. Sensorineural deafness – Hearing loss due to damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve.

146. Inner, middle, & outer ear structures – Parts of the ear responsible for processing sound waves.

147. Transduction process – The conversion of physical energy (light, sound, etc.) into neural signals.

148. Point of transduction – The specific location where sensory input is converted into a neural signal.

149. Synesthesia – A condition where sensory experiences are blended (e.g., seeing sounds as colors).

150. Olfactory system – The sensory system responsible for smell.

151. Pheromones – Chemical signals released by organisms to affect the behavior of others.

152. Gustation – The sense of taste.

153. Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami, oleogustus – The six basic tastes detected by taste receptors.

154. Taste receptors – Sensory cells in the tongue that detect flavors.

155. Supertasters, medium tasters, nontasters – Individuals with varying sensitivity to taste.

156. Sensory interaction – The principle that one sense can influence another (e.g., taste and smell).

157. Warm/cold temperature receptors – Nerve endings in the skin that detect temperature changes.

158. Gate control theory – The idea that pain perception is regulated by neural "gates" in the spinal cord.

159. Phantom limb – The sensation that a missing limb is still present, often causing pain.

160. Vestibular sense – The sense of balance and spatial orientation.

161. Semicircular canals – Structures in the inner ear that help with balance.

162. Kinesthesis – The sense of body position and movement.

163. Nociceptors – Pain receptors in the body.

Nature vs. Nurture & Genetics

164. Nature – The influence of genetic inheritance on behavior and traits.

165. Nurture – The impact of environment and experience on development.

166. Heredity – The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

167. Heritability score – A statistic that estimates the genetic contribution to a trait.

168. Behavior genetics – The study of genetic and environmental influences on behavior.

169. Genetic predisposition – An inherited tendency to develop a certain trait or disorder.

170. Twin studies – Research comparing identical and fraternal twins to assess genetic influence.

171. Family studies – Studies examining the similarities between family members to determine genetic impact.

172. Adoption studies – Research comparing adopted individuals to biological and adoptive families to study nature vs. nurture.

173. Evolutionary perspective – A psychological approach that explains behavior in terms of natural selection.

174. Natural selection – The process by which traits that enhance survival are passed on to future generations.

Nervous System & Neural Transmission

175. Central nervous system (CNS) – Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

176. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Includes all nerves outside the CNS, connecting the body to the brain and spinal cord.

177. Autonomic nervous system – Controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat and digestion.

178. Sympathetic nervous system – Activates the "fight or flight" response.

179. Parasympathetic nervous system – Promotes relaxation and conserves energy.

180. Somatic nervous system – Controls voluntary muscle movements.

181. Neurons – The basic building blocks of the nervous system that transmit information.

182. Glial cells – Support cells in the nervous system that help with neuron function.

183. Sensory neurons – Neurons that carry sensory information to the brain and spinal cord.

184. Motor neurons – Neurons that send signals from the brain to muscles to control movement.

185. Interneurons, reflex, reflex arc – Neurons that connect sensory and motor pathways to allow reflex actions.

186. Neural transmission – The process by which neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals.

187. Action potential – The electrical impulse that travels down a neuron when it fires.

188. All-or-nothing principle – The idea that a neuron either fires completely or not at all.

189. Depolarization – The process of a neuron becoming more positive and firing an action potential.

190. Refractory period – The brief period after an action potential when a neuron cannot fire again.

191. Resting potential – The stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron.

192. Reuptake – The process of neurotransmitters being reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron.

193. Threshold – The level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential.

194. Excitatory neurotransmitters – Chemicals that increase the likelihood of a neuron firing.

195. Inhibitory neurotransmitters – Chemicals that decrease the likelihood of a neuron firing.

That completes the list! Let me know if you need further clarification on any of these terms. 😊

You said:

Final Exam Review_ Terms List 2 & 3.pdf

PDF

do the same thing with this

Here’s a list of the terms from Final Exam Review: Terms List 2 & 3 along with their definitions:

Unit 2: Memory and Cognition

1. Memory – The ability to encode, store, and retrieve information over time.

2. Storage – The process of retaining encoded information over time.

3. Retrieval – The process of accessing stored information.

4. Explicit memory – Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously recall.

5. Episodic memory – A type of explicit memory that includes personal experiences and events.

6. Semantic memory – A type of explicit memory that involves general knowledge and facts.

7. Implicit memory – Memory that occurs without conscious awareness, such as skills and conditioned responses.

8. Procedural memory – A type of implicit memory that involves learned motor skills and habits.

9. Prospective memory – Remembering to perform a task in the future.

10. Long-term potentiation – The strengthening of neural connections through repeated use, essential for learning and memory.

11. Working memory – A short-term memory system used for temporarily holding and manipulating information.

12. Primary memory system – The foundational system responsible for memory processing.

13. Central executive – The component of working memory responsible for directing attention and managing cognitive tasks.

14. Phonological loop – The part of working memory that deals with auditory information.

15. Visuospatial sketchpad – The part of working memory that processes visual and spatial information.

16. Long-term memory – The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

17. Multi-store model – A model that describes memory as a system of sensory, short-term, and long-term storage.

18. Sensory memory – The immediate and brief storage of sensory information.

19. Iconic memory – A momentary visual memory lasting a few tenths of a second.

20. Echoic memory – A momentary auditory memory lasting a few seconds.

Encoding and Memory Techniques

21. Automatic processing – Encoding information without conscious effort.

22. Effortful processing – Encoding that requires attention and effort.

23. Encoding – The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

24. Levels of processing model – Suggests that deeper levels of processing enhance memory retention.

25. Shallow processing – Encoding information based on surface characteristics, leading to weaker memory retention.

26. Deep encoding – Encoding information based on meaning, leading to stronger memory retention.

27. Structural (visual) encoding – Encoding based on the appearance of words.

28. Phonemic (auditory) encoding – Encoding based on sound.

29. Semantic encoding – Encoding based on the meaning of words.

30. Mnemonic devices – Memory aids that help in encoding and retrieval.

31. Method of loci – A mnemonic technique that involves associating information with specific locations.

32. Chunking – Organizing information into meaningful units to improve memory.

33. Hierarchy – A way of structuring information in a ranked order to aid recall.

34. Spacing effect – The tendency for distributed practice to yield better retention than massed practice.

35. Memory consolidation – The process of stabilizing and strengthening a memory trace.

36. Massed practice – Cramming information into a short period, leading to poor retention.

37. Distributed practice – Spreading learning over time, leading to better long-term retention.

38. Serial position effect – The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle.

39. Primacy effect – The tendency to remember the first items in a list.

40. Recency effect – The tendency to remember the last items in a list.

Memory Disorders and Retrieval

41. Maintenance rehearsal – Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory.

42. Elaborative rehearsal – Associating new information with existing knowledge for better retention.

43. Memory retention – The ability to keep and recall information over time.

44. Autobiographical memory – Memories of personal experiences.

45. Retrograde amnesia – The inability to recall past memories before an injury.

46. Anterograde amnesia – The inability to form new memories after an injury.

47. Alzheimer’s disease – A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss.

48. Infantile amnesia – The inability to recall memories from early childhood.

49. Recall – Retrieving information without cues (e.g., essay questions).

50. Recognition – Identifying information from a set of options (e.g., multiple-choice tests).

Let me know if you'd like me to continue with the rest of the document! 😊

You said:

yes all the words

ChatGPT said:

Here’s the full list of terms along with their definitions:

Unit 2: Memory and Cognition

Memory and Retrieval

51. Relearning – Learning information more quickly when it is reviewed after initial learning.

52. Retrieval cues – Stimuli that help recall stored information.

53. Context-dependent memory – The tendency to recall information better in the environment where it was learned.

54. Mood-congruent memory – The tendency to recall experiences that match one’s current mood.

55. Déjà vu – The eerie sense of having experienced something before.

56. State-dependent memory – The tendency to recall information better when in the same physiological state as when it was learned.

57. Testing effect – The enhanced memory retention that results from frequent testing.

58. Metacognition – Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes.

59. Forgetting curve – A graph that shows how quickly information is forgotten over time.

60. Encoding failure – The inability to recall information due to it never being properly encoded.

61. Proactive interference – When old information interferes with recalling new information.

62. Retroactive interference – When new information interferes with recalling old information.

63. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon – The temporary inability to retrieve a known word.

64. Repression – A defense mechanism that unconsciously blocks anxiety-inducing memories.

65. Misinformation effect – When misleading information distorts memory of an event.

66. Source amnesia – Forgetting the source of a memory while retaining its content.

67. Constructive memory – The process of filling in gaps in memory with fabricated details.

68. Imagination inflation – The increased likelihood of believing a false memory after repeated imagination of the event.

How We Think

69. Prototypes – The best example of a category in one’s mind.

70. Concepts – Mental groupings of similar objects, events, or ideas.

71. Algorithms – Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution.

72. Insight – A sudden realization of a problem’s solution.

73. Heuristics – Simple thinking strategies that help make quick judgments.

74. Representativeness heuristic – Judging something based on how similar it is to a prototype.

75. Availability heuristic – Estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easily it comes to mind.

76. Mental set – The tendency to approach problems in a familiar way.

77. Framing – The way an issue is posed, which can affect decisions.

78. Gambler’s fallacy – The belief that past random events influence future ones.

79. Sunk-cost fallacy – Continuing an endeavor due to previously invested resources.

80. Executive functions – Cognitive processes involved in planning and self-control.

81. Creativity (the 5 factors) – The key aspects of creative thinking, including expertise and flexibility.

82. Divergent thinking – Generating multiple solutions to a problem.

83. Convergent thinking – Narrowing down multiple options to find the best solution.

84. Confirmation bias – Seeking evidence that supports one’s preexisting beliefs.

85. Fixation – The inability to see a problem from a new perspective.

86. Functional fixedness – The tendency to think of objects only in their usual function.

87. Overconfidence – The tendency to be more confident than correct.

88. Belief perseverance – Clinging to initial beliefs despite contradictory evidence.

Assessing Intelligence

89. Intelligence – The ability to learn, reason, and adapt to new situations.

90. Spearman’s G factor – The general intelligence factor underlying all cognitive abilities.

91. Thurstone’s mental abilities – A theory that intelligence consists of seven independent abilities.

92. Gardner’s multiple intelligences – The idea that intelligence is divided into distinct categories such as linguistic and spatial intelligence.

93. Sternberg’s triarchic theory – A theory of intelligence that includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

94. Savant syndrome – A condition in which a person with mental disabilities has an exceptional skill.

95. Emotional intelligence – The ability to understand and manage emotions.

96. Alfred Binet – Developed the first intelligence test.

97. Mental age – The age that corresponds to a person’s cognitive ability.

98. Chronological age – A person’s actual age in years.

99. Lewis Terman – Revised Binet’s test into the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.

100. Cultural intelligence – The ability to adapt to and function in different cultural settings.

101. IQ formula – IQ = (mental age/chronological age) × 100.

102. Reification – Treating an abstract concept as if it were a concrete thing.

103. Aptitude test – A test that measures the ability to learn.

104. Achievement test – A test that measures what has been learned.

105. Steps of standardization process – The steps used to ensure consistency in test administration and scoring.

106. Normal bell curve – A graph showing the distribution of intelligence scores.

107. Reliability – The consistency of a test’s results.

108. Test-retest for reliability – Giving the same test twice to see if results are consistent.

109. Split-half testing for reliability – Splitting a test into two halves to see if results are consistent.

110. Content validity – The extent to which a test measures what it intends to.

111. Predictive validity – The extent to which a test predicts future performance.

112. Flynn Effect – The phenomenon of rising intelligence test scores over time.

113. Eugenics – The controversial practice of selective breeding for intelligence.

114. Stereotype threat – The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s group.

115. Heritability of intelligence – The proportion of intelligence variation attributed to genetics.

116. Fixed mindset vs. growth mindset – The belief that intelligence is static versus the belief that it can grow with effort.

117. Nature & nurture factors that influence intelligence – The interplay of genetic and environmental influences on intelligence.

Unit 3: Human Development and Learning Behaviors

Human Development

118. Continuous development – Development as a gradual, cumulative process.

119. Discontinuous development – Development as a series of distinct stages.

120. Chronological development – Development measured by age in years.

121. Lifespan development – The study of growth and change throughout life.

122. Lifespan stability & change – The balance of consistency and transformation in development.

123. Zygote, embryo, fetus – Stages of prenatal development.

124. Teratogens – Harmful agents that affect prenatal development.

125. Rooting reflex – A newborn’s automatic response to touch near the mouth.

126. Maturation – Biological growth processes leading to orderly development.

127. Gross & fine motor skills – Large vs. small muscle movement skills.

128. Visual cliff – A test of depth perception in infants.

129. Critical vs. sensitive period – The difference between crucial and optimal times for development.

130. Phonemes & morphemes – The smallest units of sound and meaning in language.

131. Syntax & semantics – The rules and meanings in language structure.

132. Cooing, babbling, one-word stage, two-word stage – Early language development stages.

133. Overgeneralization of language – Applying language rules too broadly.

134. Puberty, menarche, spermarche – Biological milestones of adolescence.

135. Crystallized vs. fluid intelligence – Knowledge accumulation vs. quick problem-solving ability.

136. Cross-sectional vs. longitudinal studies – Comparing age groups at one time vs. studying the same people over time.

137. 5 stages of grief – Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

This completes the full list! Let me know if you need any explanations or further details. 😊

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