OB CH1-4 study guide

Ally

is a person of one social identity group who stands up in support of members in another group.

Attribution

is the assignment of meaning to a behavior or an event.

Attribution bias

is the tendency to explain a person's behavior due to their character rather than the situation.

Authenticity

is a sense that one’s actions are aligned with true values and beliefs.

Bystander

is someone who witnesses or observes a harmful or dangerous situation for another.

Automatic processing

is screening that takes place without conscious awareness.

Authority bias

is the tendency to consider the opinions of an authority figure to be more accurate than the opinions of others.

Attribution cues

are information that can help one interpret the meaning or intent behind another's behavior.

Ego

is the idea or opinion one has of oneself especially as it relates to self-worth.

Controlled processing

means that we consciously decide what information to pay attention to and what to ignore.

Empathy

is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person.

Discrimination

is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of people in a different group or social category.

Contrast Effects

occurs when someone or something seems extraordinary because of how it is contrasted with other similar things.

Cognitive categorization

is a process in which objects and ideas are recognized, understood, compared to and differentiated from one another.

Halo Effect

occurs when one attribute of a person or situation is used to develop an overall positive impression of that individual or situation.

Horns Effect

occurs when a negative attribution or trait is used to develop an overall negative impression of a person or situation.

External attribution

is assigning the cause of the behavior to an event or factor outside of the person's control.

Group attribution Bias

is the tendency to attribute the actions of others to a group identity.

Frame of reference

is the combination of traits, characteristics and experiences that influence how individuals perceive and respond to a stimulus or event.

Identity

represents the ways in which individuals describe themselves or the ways in which people are categorized by society.

Illusory Superiority

involves incorrectly assigning oneself superior characteristics over others.

Identity threat

is when a group and its members are made to feel shame or guilt for objectionable actions by members of the group.

Implicit bias

is negative evaluations or assumptions of another person or group based on their personal characteristics that are outside of conscious awareness.

Inclusion

is fostering a sense of belonging for marginalized groups.

Perception

is the way we gather, organize, and interpret information around us.

Microaggressions

are subtle but offensive comments or actions directed at a member of a marginalized group that are unintentionally offensive or unconsciously reinforce a stereotype.

Personal identity

reflects the set of traits and individual differences that set people apart from others.

Interpretation

is the process of attributing meaning to information.

Internal attribution

is assigning the cause of the behavior to the person rather than the situation.

Perspective taking

is the ability to understand how a situation appears to another person and how that person is reacting cognitively and emotionally to the situation.

Positive in-group bias

is the inclination to accentuate favorable characteristics of the social group to which one identifies.

Role conformity.

is the opportunity to enact behaviors that match the norms of a particular social situation.

Projection

is the unconscious assignment of one’s personal attributes to other individuals.

Role conflict

occurs when someone is unable to respond to role expectations that conflict with one another.

Prejudice

is an assumption or opinion about someone based on their membership in a specific group.

Retrieval

is sorting through categories to match them to information from the environment.

Schemas

are cognitive frameworks that organize knowledge about people, objects, or events.

Role identities

characterize the self as an occupant or participant in a particular function or relationship.

Selection

is allowing only a portion of the information available to you to enter into cognitive processing.

Role strain

is the stress that people experience when they are unable to meet the demands of multiple, often conflicting, or incompatible social roles.

Social bias

is flawed judgment that affects how people perceive themselves and others as well as the way groups behave, act, and reach decisions.

Similar-to-Me Effect

occurs when a positive attribution is developed with a another person with whom you have the most similar characteristics.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

is the tendency to make something that we think will happen come true.

Self-categorization

is the process by which one defines the self in relation to group affiliations and social categories.

Selective perception

is the tendency to single out aspects of a situation, person, or object that are consistent with our prevailing needs, values, or attitudes.

Similarity attraction

means that we favor people who are like us.

Social identity theory

explains how people categorize and assign meaning to membership in groups.

Social identity

refers to the ways that people's self-concepts are based on their membership in social groups.

Stimulus

is a signal or information from the environment.

The Self-serving bias

is the tendency to attribute positive events and successes to our own personal characteristics and blame negative outcomes to factors outside our character.

Stereotypes

are generalized characteristics of groups of people that share similar characteristics.

Theory of mind

is the capacity to understand the minds of other people by attributing motives and intentions to their behavior.

Sour Grapes

is a type of motivated reasoning where an individual can calm feelings of social discomfort or jealousy by assigning negative qualities to others.