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Page 1: Course Introduction

  • Course Title: BI 117 General Human Anatomy & Physiology Lab

  • Instructor: Kate E. Kryger

Page 2: Lab Exam 2 Overview

  • Exam Components:

    • 50 fill-in-the-blank & multiple choice questions

    • Topics include three labs (SPOs) from Unit II:

      1. Muscular System

      2. Nervous System

      3. Cardiovascular System

  • Format:

    • Questions projected in Powerpoint format

    • Timed Portion: 45 seconds per question

    • Quick Review: 15 seconds per question

    • No going back to previous questions once the slide advances

Page 3: Examination Rules

  1. Electronic Devices:

    • Turn off phones & smartwatches; keep them in bags

  2. Answering Questions:

    • Read carefully; respond to specific instructions regarding images

  3. Answer Specificity:

    • Full names of structures must be written (no abbreviations)

  4. Multiple Choice Answers:

    • Record only the letter corresponding to the answer

  5. Spelling Matters:

    • Half-point deduction for misspellings

  6. Legibility Requirement:

    • Illegible handwriting receives zero credit

  7. Class Disruptions:

    • Hold questions until the end of the exam

Page 4: Timed Portion & Quick Review

Part I: Timed Portion

  • Minimum of 45 seconds per question; more time for longer questions

  • Audio Cue: Listen for slide advancement

  • Suggestion: Circle questions for review

Part II: Quick Review

  • Review follows immediately after the timed portion

  • Minimum of 15 seconds per question

  • No going back to previous questions

  • Submit exam for grading at the end

Page 5: Preparation for Next Lab

  • Attire:

    • Wear a short sleeve shirt for blood pressure measurement

    • Layer clothing due to potential cold in the lab

Page 6: Nervous System Overview

  • Central Nervous System (CNS):

    • Comprises the Brain & Spinal Cord

  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

    • Includes 31 pairs of spinal nerves & 12 pairs of cranial nerves

  • Neuron: Basic functional unit of the nervous system

  • Neuroglia: Support cells of the nervous system

Page 7: Neurons vs. Nerves

  • Action Potentials: Conducted by Neurons

  • Nerves: Bundles of neurons

  • Implication: Nerve function depends on types of neurons it contains

Page 8: Neuron Structure

  • Parts of a Neuron:

    • Nucleus, Dendrites, Nissl Bodies, Cell Body, Axon,

      • Dendritic Spine, Node of Ranvier, Axonal Terminals

    • Impulse Direction: Illustrated with diagram

  • Schwann Cell: Forms myelin sheath around axons

Page 9: Myelin Formation

  • Myelin Sheath: Formed by Schwann cells

  • Illustrated structure with cell body and nodes of Ranvier

Page 10: Neuron Anatomy

  • Main Components:

    • Cell Body (Soma), Dendrites, Axon, Axonal Terminals

  • Myelin Sheath: Lipid wrappings along the axon for faster action potential

Page 11: Synapse Communication

  • Neurons communicate through synapses

  • Illustration: Depicts sending and receiving neurons, indicating impulse direction

Page 12: Neurotransmission Process

  • In a Nutshell:

    • Process involves action potential, neurotransmitter release, and response at target cell with receptors

Page 13: Structural Classification of Neurons

  • Based on Processes from Cell Body:

    • Bipolar Neuron

    • Unipolar Neuron

    • Multipolar Neuron

Page 14: Functional Classification of Neurons

  • Sensory (Afferent) Neurons: Carry information to the CNS

  • Motor (Efferent) Neurons: Carry commands from the CNS

Page 15: Protective Coverings

  • Cranial & Spinal Meninges

  • Function: Protect the CNS structures

Page 16: Meninges Overview

  • Layers:

    • Pia Mater: Adherent to CNS

    • Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer

    • Dura Mater: Tough outermost layer

Page 17: Meninges Illustration

  • Illustration: Showing the Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pia Mater differentiations

Page 18: Meninges Functions

  • Dura Mater: Tough outer layer

  • Arachnoid Mater: Middle web-like structure

  • Pia Mater: Delicate layer surrounding the spinal cord

Page 19: Spinal Cord Structure

  • Composed of:

    • White Matter and Gray Matter with Ventral and Dorsal Roots

Page 20: Introduction to Brain Anatomy

  • Focus on: Structural components of the brain

Page 21: Longitudinal Fissure

  • Definition: Separates hemispheres of the cerebrum

Page 22: Brain Lobes

  • Overview of the different lobes of the brain

Page 23: Lateral Ventricles

  • Filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Page 24: Cerebral Cortex

  • Definition: Outer area of gray matter in the brain

Page 25: Diencephalon

  • Components Include:

    • Thalamus

    • Hypothalamus

Page 26: Pituitary Gland Role

  • Overview of the function and significance of the Pituitary Gland

Page 27: Cerebellum

  • Illustrated structure and relevant information

Page 28: Brainstem Overview

  • Components include:

    • Midbrain

    • Pons

    • Medulla

Page 29: Cranial Nerves I & II

  • Cranial Nerves:

    • CN I – Olfactory (Smell)

    • CN II – Optic (Sight)

Page 30: Spinal Cord & Nerves Introduction

  • Overview of the spinal cord and its associated spinal nerves

Page 31: Spinal Cord Termination

  • Key Points:

    • Ends at vertebral level L1/L2

    • Cauda equina is a mass of nerve roots passing through the vertebral canal

Page 32: Spinal Anatomy Illustration

  • Details of Spinal Anatomy including dorsal roots, ganglion, and gray/white matter

Page 33: Major Spinal Plexuses

  • Plexuses:

    • Cervical

    • Brachial

    • Lumbar

    • Sacral

  • Major peripheral nerves associated with each plexus

Page 34: Lab Preparation Reminder

  • Next Lab: Wear a short sleeve shirt for blood pressure measurement, layering for cold is advised.