httpslearn-us-east-1-prod-fleet02-xythos.content.blackboardcdn.com5fe1937e383f217453367X-Blackboard-S3-Bucket=learn-us-eas

Page 1: Course Introduction

• Course Title: BI 117 General Human Anatomy & Physiology Lab

• Instructor: Kate E. Kryger

Page 2: Lab Exam 2 Overview

• Exam Components:

  • 50 fill-in-the-blank & multiple choice questions

  • Topics include three labs (SPOs) from Unit II:

    1. Muscular System

    2. Nervous System

    3. Cardiovascular System

• Format:

  • Questions projected in Powerpoint format

  • Timed Portion: 45 seconds per question

  • Quick Review: 15 seconds per question

  • No going back to previous questions once the slide advances

Page 3: Examination Rules

1. Electronic Devices:

   • Turn off phones & smartwatches; keep them in bags

2. Answering Questions:

   • Read carefully; respond to specific instructions regarding images

3. Answer Specificity:

   • Full names of structures must be written (no abbreviations)

4. Multiple Choice Answers:

   • Record only the letter corresponding to the answer

5. Spelling Matters:

   • Half-point deduction for misspellings

6. Legibility Requirement:

   • Illegible handwriting receives zero credit

7. Class Disruptions:

   • Hold questions until the end of the exam

Page 4: Timed Portion & Quick Review

Part I: Timed Portion

• Minimum of 45 seconds per question; more time for longer questions

• Audio Cue: Listen for slide advancement

• Suggestion: Circle questions for review

Part II: Quick Review

• Review follows immediately after the timed portion

• Minimum of 15 seconds per question

• No going back to previous questions

• Submit exam for grading at the end

Page 5: Preparation for Next Lab

• Attire:

  • Wear a short sleeve shirt for blood pressure measurement

  • Layer clothing due to potential cold in the lab

Page 6: Nervous System Overview

• Central Nervous System (CNS):

  • Comprises the Brain & Spinal Cord

• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

  • Includes 31 pairs of spinal nerves & 12 pairs of cranial nerves

• Neuron: Basic functional unit of the nervous system

• Neuroglia: Support cells of the nervous system

Page 7: Neurons vs. Nerves

• Action Potentials: Conducted by Neurons

• Nerves: Bundles of neurons

• Implication: Nerve function depends on types of neurons it contains

Page 8: Neuron Structure

• Parts of a Neuron:

  • Nucleus, Dendrites, Nissl Bodies, Cell Body, Axon,

    • Dendritic Spine, Node of Ranvier, Axonal Terminals

  • Impulse Direction: Illustrated with diagram

• Schwann Cell: Forms myelin sheath around axons

Page 9: Myelin Formation

• Myelin Sheath: Formed by Schwann cells

• Illustrated structure with cell body and nodes of Ranvier

Page 10: Neuron Anatomy

• Main Components:

  • Cell Body (Soma), Dendrites, Axon, Axonal Terminals

• Myelin Sheath: Lipid wrappings along the axon for faster action potential

Page 11: Synapse Communication

• Neurons communicate through synapses

• Illustration: Depicts sending and receiving neurons, indicating impulse direction

Page 12: Neurotransmission Process

• In a Nutshell:

  • Process involves action potential, neurotransmitter release, and response at target cell with receptors

Page 13: Structural Classification of Neurons

• Based on Processes from Cell Body:

  • Bipolar Neuron

  • Unipolar Neuron

  • Multipolar Neuron

Page 14: Functional Classification of Neurons

• Sensory (Afferent) Neurons: Carry information to the CNS

• Motor (Efferent) Neurons: Carry commands from the CNS

Page 15: Protective Coverings

• Cranial & Spinal Meninges

• Function: Protect the CNS structures

Page 16: Meninges Overview

• Layers:

  • Pia Mater: Adherent to CNS

  • Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer

  • Dura Mater: Tough outermost layer

Page 17: Meninges Illustration

• Illustration: Showing the Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Pia Mater differentiations

Page 18: Meninges Functions

• Dura Mater: Tough outer layer

• Arachnoid Mater: Middle web-like structure

• Pia Mater: Delicate layer surrounding the spinal cord

Page 19: Spinal Cord Structure

• Composed of:

  • White Matter and Gray Matter with Ventral and Dorsal Roots

Page 20: Introduction to Brain Anatomy

• Focus on: Structural components of the brain

Page 21: Longitudinal Fissure

• Definition: Separates hemispheres of the cerebrum

Page 22: Brain Lobes

• Overview of the different lobes of the brain

Page 23: Lateral Ventricles

• Filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Page 24: Cerebral Cortex

• Definition: Outer area of gray matter in the brain

Page 25: Diencephalon

• Components Include:

  • Thalamus

  • Hypothalamus

Page 26: Pituitary Gland Role

• Overview of the function and significance of the Pituitary Gland

Page 27: Cerebellum

• Illustrated structure and relevant information

Page 28: Brainstem Overview

• Components include:

  • Midbrain

  • Pons

  • Medulla

Page 29: Cranial Nerves I & II

• Cranial Nerves:

  • CN I – Olfactory (Smell)

  • CN II – Optic (Sight)

Page 30: Spinal Cord & Nerves Introduction

• Overview of the spinal cord and its associated spinal nerves

Page 31: Spinal Cord Termination

• Key Points:

  • Ends at vertebral level L1/L2

  • Cauda equina is a mass of nerve roots passing through the vertebral canal

Page 32: Spinal Anatomy Illustration

• Details of Spinal Anatomy including dorsal roots, ganglion, and gray/white matter

Page 33: Major Spinal Plexuses

• Plexuses:

  • Cervical

  • Brachial

  • Lumbar

  • Sacral

• Major peripheral nerves associated with each plexus

Page 34: Lab Preparation Reminder

• Next Lab: Wear a short sleeve shirt for blood pressure measurement, layering for cold is advised.