Exam 3 study guide
Ch 13
Ego-dystonic - thoughts and behaviors that are viewed as unacceptable with one’s self-concept
Ego-syntonic - thoughts and behaviors that are viewed as acceptable with one’s self-concept
Psychotherapy - aka talk therapy, helps individuals identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors
Gestalt therapy - a form of therapy that increases an individual’s awareness
Behavioral therapy - a form of therapy that aims to change self destructive behavior
behavior modification - alteration of behavior patterns through techniques learned in therapy
applied behavior analysis - a form of therapy that is one on one, improve social skills
Psychodynamic therapy - focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in the client's present behavior. The goals of psychodynamic therapy are client self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior.
Existentialism therapy - a form of therapy that focuses on free will and self determination
Client-centered - the client is able to decide what they explore in therapy (they guide the conversation)
cognitive behavioral therapy - a form of therapy, aims to reduce symptoms of mental health disorders
cognitive triad - three forms of negative thinking - self, world, and future
cognitive distortions - mental biases that increase our anxiety
all or nothing thinking - (a cognitive distortion) a common cognitive distortion, seeing the world in black or white (right or wrong)
arbitrary inference - (a cognitive distortion) forming an opinion on a situation with no evidence or context
emotional reasoning - (a cognitive distortion) the condition of being so strongly influenced by your emotions that you assume that they indicate objective truth
magnification/ minimization - (a cognitive distortion) you magnify the positive attributes of someone and then, you minimize your own positive attributes
Overgeneralization - (a cognitive distortion) an individual views a single event as an invariable rule, so that, for example, failure at accomplishing one task will predict an endless pattern of defeat in all tasks.
irrational cognitive process - tendency to cling to irrational thoughts
Structured Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - rather than talking freely about your life, you and your therapist discuss specific problems and set goals for you to achieve. focused on current problems
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy - form of therapy aimed to help people resolve their behavioral problems to lead happier lives
Dialectical Behavioral therapy - a form of talk therapy for people with intense emotions
distress Tolerance - a person’s ability to tolerate a stressful situation without feeling overwhelmed
drug treatments - used with therapy, can help with the biological perspective, helping neurotransmitters
Psychoactive Medications - substances that, when taken in or administered into one's system, affect mental processes
neuroleptic drugs - used to treat and manage psychiatric disorders
Prozac - treats OCD, depression, bulimia, and panic disorder
Antidepressants - treats major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, etc.
Antianxiety - helps reduce the symptoms of anxiety, such as panic attacks and extreme worry
Antipsychotics - type of psychiatric medication, treats psychosis
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) - used as an antidepressant,
Mood stabilizers - a psychiatric medication, used to treat bipolar, mania, and hypomania
systematic desensitization therapy. - a type of behavioral therapy used to help people confront their fears (OCD, anxiety disorders, PTSD)
positive reinforcement. - the introduction of a positive stimulus after a behavior
Extinction - the disappearance of a behavior that was previously learned with an event
classical conditioning - physiological stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus
Flooding -intensive type of exposure therapy in which you have to face your fears at a maximum level
Modelling - copying someone else’s actions and behaviors
aversion therapy - behavior therapy designed to make a patient give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect.
token economy - desired behavior is reinforced by offering tokens that can be exchanged for special foods, television time, passes, or other rewards
Exposure therapy - used to help people face their fears
cognitive restructuring - learning to identitfy and dispute maladaptive thoughts
cultural influences: individual thoughts and actions influence cultural norms and practices as they evolve over time
Lobotomized - was used to treat rebellion, depression, and schizophrenia, resulted in compliance,loss of mental/physical abilities, and personality changes
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - shocks to the system, treated depression, mania, schizophrenia, voltage was 70-12- for 0.5 seconds about 12 times, thought to have changed the neurotransmitters
Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS) - electrodes on scalp or implant, activates or inhibits the brain with electricity, treats depression, OCD, anxiety, and PTSD
Neurofeedback - a method that assists subjects to control their brain waves consciously (small peaks - efficient/focused, large peaks - inattentive)
EEG (electroencephalegram) - measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes
Psychosurgery / neurosurgery - derek shepherd, selective surgical removal/destruction of nerve pathways for purposes of influencing behavior, for severe, chronic, debilitating, treatment of resistent psychiatric illnesses
corpus callosum psychosurgery - severing the corpus collosum, the two hemispheres cannot communicate
brain lateralization - the tendency for some functions to be specialized on one side of the brain
proximal factors - influences from individuals close to use in our immediate environment (family and friends)
distal factors - influences that are more removed in time and environment from context (life events, family of origin, culture)
Attitude - beliefs and emotions that predispose individuals to respond to other people in a positive or negative way
ABCs of attitude - Affect, Behavior, Cognition
exposure effect - psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things or people that are more familiar to them than others
Repetition - repeated behavior
Communicator - who is speaking
Message - what you are trying to say
Audience - the people the message is intended for
social roles - a socially defined set of behavior patterns that is expected from a person that belongs to a social category (introvert/extrovert)
self concept - collection of beliefs about yourself
Self-esteem - how we value/perceive ourselves
Self-efficacy - belief in one’s ability to act
social attitudes - our evaluations about people and a predisposition to act in a particular way towards them
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study - students assigned to be a prisoner and a guard, they took their roles too seriously and forgot it was a study, it was shut down six days in
Milgrim's Obedience study - say words in a sequence, if you got one wrong, you get a shock and the voltage is turned up, participants would stop responding and the voltage would be turned up
Availability Heuristic - make a decision based on recent experiences/events
Representativeness Heuristic - used when making judgements about probability (how likely an event is to occur)
Anchoring - decisions are made from a specific reference point (an anchor)
Illegal questions - questions not to asked/answered during an interview or professional conversation
upward social comparison - when someone compares themselves to a person they see as superior
social loafing - a person puts in less effort towards a goal when working in a group
downward social comparison - defensive tendency in self evaluation, they look at a group/person that is worse off to make themselves feel better
Groupthink - members of a group tend to follow one viewpoint
norm of reciprocity - the social standard that people who help others will receive equivalent benefits from them in return
reference group. - a group that people use as a standard/norm to base themselves off of when selecting and appraising their own abilities
actor-observer effect. - the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes, while attributing our own behavior to external causes
ultimate attribution error. - ultimate attribution error is the tendency to explain negative behaviours of an outgroup member as a flaw in their personality, and to justify positive behaviour performed by an outgroup member as a result of uncommon circumstances
fundamental attribution error - you tend to cut yourself a break while holding others 100 percent accountable for their actions.
Stereotypes - an oversimplified image of what a group/person should look/act like
Prejudice - a bias
Discrimination - the unjust treatment of people of different genders, culture, ethnicities, sexes, etc.
stereotype threat - socially premised psychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one's group applies
attitude change - when individuals experience feelings of uneasiness or guilt due to cognitive dissonance, and actively reduce the dissonance through changing their attitude, beliefs, or behavior relating in order to achieve consistency with the inconsistent cognitions
peripheral route - an indirect route that uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message
central route - a logic-driven approach, using data and facts to convince people of an argument or product's worthiness
Conformity - going with the group’s/majority answer even if you know it is wrong
Compliance - changing one’s behavior because someone asked you to
Obedience - responding to direct order from an authority figure
Deindividuation - a process where people lose their sense of social identity and resort to anti-social behavior
cognitive dissonance - mental conflict, beliefs dont line up with actions
door-in-the-face technique - a two-step procedure for enhancing compliance in which an extreme initial request is presented immediately before a more moderate target request
foot-in-the-door technique: ask for something small, then ask for something big
Altruistic: helping for the sake of helping
helping behavior: providing aid or benefit to another person
bystander effect: willingness to help decreases when others are around
Intelligence: the ability to derive information, learn from experience, adapt to the environment, understand, and correctly utilize thought and reason
unstructured interviews: an interview that is highly flexible in terms of the questions asked, the kinds of responses sought, and the ways in which the answers are evaluated across interviewers or across interviewees
structured interviews: a method for gathering information, used particularly in surveys and personnel selection, in which questions, their wordings, and their order of administration are determined in advance
Integrity test: a specific type of personality test designed to assess an applicant's tendency to be honest, trustworthy, and dependable
Motivation: influenced by the satisfaction of needs that are either necessary for sustaining life or essential for wellbeing and growth
structured learning: These are experiences that have a clear procedure to ensure that the learning occurs
trainee learning: test knowledge, skills, development
Performance-level: transfer or training to the work place
Training-level: systematic instruction and practice by which an individual acquires competence in a specific discipline, talent, or vocational or recreational skill or activity
identifying and recruiting job candidates: process of identifying and encouraging qualified candidates to apply for jobs with an organization
assessment centers: a standardized evaluation of behavior based on multiple evaluations including: job-related simulations, interviews, and/or psychological tests
job performance appraisal: A process in where an individual's performance is scored and feedback is given
personality test: designed to systematically elicit information about a person's motivations, preferences, interests, emotional make-up, and style of interacting with people and situations
job applicant interview: an interview for a job ??????
halo effect: a type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character
reverse halo effect: when the positive associations and perceptions associated with someone can cause negative reactions and consequences
horns effect: a cognitive process in which we immediately ascribe negative attitudes or behaviours to someone based on one aspect of their appearance or character
critical incident: a event that happens that hinders an employee from doing their work
KSAO: Knowledge, Skills, Abilities and Other Characteristics
discrimination in recruitment and hiring: illegal for employers to discriminate against race, color, religion, sex, nation of origin, age, disability
transfer of training: the effect of having learned one activity on an individual's execution of other activities
Overlearning: studying material beyond a pre-determined level of mastery
Sequencing:
Feedback: feedback system where employees receive anonymous comments, concerns, and kudos from peers
Kirkpatrick Model: model that evaluates training in 4 levels: reaction, learning, behavior, and results
ERG (Existence, relatedness, growth) theory: three groups of core needs, Existence (safy and physiological needs), Relatedness (social and self-esteem), and growth (self-esteem and self-actualization)
Expectancy theory: employees will work hard if they get results
Goal setting theory: goals that are clear, specific, and challenging are more motivating than vague goals or easy goals
job satisfaction: the attitude of a worker toward his or her job
family work conflict: occurs when an individual experiences incompatible demands between work and family roles, causing participation in both roles to become more difficult.
Turnover: whether an employee stays or leaves
Absenteeism: an individual's lack of physical presence at a given location and time when there is a social expectation for that person to be there
quiet quitting: when employees continue to do their job, but only do the work laid out in their job description
aggression at work/bullying: a persistent pattern of mistreatment from others in the workplace that causes either physical or emotional harm
repetitive strain injuries: pain caused by repeated movement of part of the body
work group: individuals cooperating under the direction of a leader.
work team: a group of people with complementary skills who work together to achieve a specific goal
Leadership: choosing, preparing, and influencing followers of diverse talents, skills, and capabilities while fostering the follower's self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience
autonomous work groups: small, self-regulated, employee-centered units within an organization that are given responsibility for developing procedures, organizing the production process, generating the required product, and maintaining quality
charisma training: provides a platform to practice and measure dynamic social interactions and related cognitive competencies
Ch 13
Ego-dystonic - thoughts and behaviors that are viewed as unacceptable with one’s self-concept
Ego-syntonic - thoughts and behaviors that are viewed as acceptable with one’s self-concept
Psychotherapy - aka talk therapy, helps individuals identify and change troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors
Gestalt therapy - a form of therapy that increases an individual’s awareness
Behavioral therapy - a form of therapy that aims to change self destructive behavior
behavior modification - alteration of behavior patterns through techniques learned in therapy
applied behavior analysis - a form of therapy that is one on one, improve social skills
Psychodynamic therapy - focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in the client's present behavior. The goals of psychodynamic therapy are client self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior.
Existentialism therapy - a form of therapy that focuses on free will and self determination
Client-centered - the client is able to decide what they explore in therapy (they guide the conversation)
cognitive behavioral therapy - a form of therapy, aims to reduce symptoms of mental health disorders
cognitive triad - three forms of negative thinking - self, world, and future
cognitive distortions - mental biases that increase our anxiety
all or nothing thinking - (a cognitive distortion) a common cognitive distortion, seeing the world in black or white (right or wrong)
arbitrary inference - (a cognitive distortion) forming an opinion on a situation with no evidence or context
emotional reasoning - (a cognitive distortion) the condition of being so strongly influenced by your emotions that you assume that they indicate objective truth
magnification/ minimization - (a cognitive distortion) you magnify the positive attributes of someone and then, you minimize your own positive attributes
Overgeneralization - (a cognitive distortion) an individual views a single event as an invariable rule, so that, for example, failure at accomplishing one task will predict an endless pattern of defeat in all tasks.
irrational cognitive process - tendency to cling to irrational thoughts
Structured Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - rather than talking freely about your life, you and your therapist discuss specific problems and set goals for you to achieve. focused on current problems
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy - form of therapy aimed to help people resolve their behavioral problems to lead happier lives
Dialectical Behavioral therapy - a form of talk therapy for people with intense emotions
distress Tolerance - a person’s ability to tolerate a stressful situation without feeling overwhelmed
drug treatments - used with therapy, can help with the biological perspective, helping neurotransmitters
Psychoactive Medications - substances that, when taken in or administered into one's system, affect mental processes
neuroleptic drugs - used to treat and manage psychiatric disorders
Prozac - treats OCD, depression, bulimia, and panic disorder
Antidepressants - treats major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, etc.
Antianxiety - helps reduce the symptoms of anxiety, such as panic attacks and extreme worry
Antipsychotics - type of psychiatric medication, treats psychosis
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) - used as an antidepressant,
Mood stabilizers - a psychiatric medication, used to treat bipolar, mania, and hypomania
systematic desensitization therapy. - a type of behavioral therapy used to help people confront their fears (OCD, anxiety disorders, PTSD)
positive reinforcement. - the introduction of a positive stimulus after a behavior
Extinction - the disappearance of a behavior that was previously learned with an event
classical conditioning - physiological stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus
Flooding -intensive type of exposure therapy in which you have to face your fears at a maximum level
Modelling - copying someone else’s actions and behaviors
aversion therapy - behavior therapy designed to make a patient give up an undesirable habit by causing them to associate it with an unpleasant effect.
token economy - desired behavior is reinforced by offering tokens that can be exchanged for special foods, television time, passes, or other rewards
Exposure therapy - used to help people face their fears
cognitive restructuring - learning to identitfy and dispute maladaptive thoughts
cultural influences: individual thoughts and actions influence cultural norms and practices as they evolve over time
Lobotomized - was used to treat rebellion, depression, and schizophrenia, resulted in compliance,loss of mental/physical abilities, and personality changes
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - shocks to the system, treated depression, mania, schizophrenia, voltage was 70-12- for 0.5 seconds about 12 times, thought to have changed the neurotransmitters
Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS) - electrodes on scalp or implant, activates or inhibits the brain with electricity, treats depression, OCD, anxiety, and PTSD
Neurofeedback - a method that assists subjects to control their brain waves consciously (small peaks - efficient/focused, large peaks - inattentive)
EEG (electroencephalegram) - measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes
Psychosurgery / neurosurgery - derek shepherd, selective surgical removal/destruction of nerve pathways for purposes of influencing behavior, for severe, chronic, debilitating, treatment of resistent psychiatric illnesses
corpus callosum psychosurgery - severing the corpus collosum, the two hemispheres cannot communicate
brain lateralization - the tendency for some functions to be specialized on one side of the brain
proximal factors - influences from individuals close to use in our immediate environment (family and friends)
distal factors - influences that are more removed in time and environment from context (life events, family of origin, culture)
Attitude - beliefs and emotions that predispose individuals to respond to other people in a positive or negative way
ABCs of attitude - Affect, Behavior, Cognition
exposure effect - psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things or people that are more familiar to them than others
Repetition - repeated behavior
Communicator - who is speaking
Message - what you are trying to say
Audience - the people the message is intended for
social roles - a socially defined set of behavior patterns that is expected from a person that belongs to a social category (introvert/extrovert)
self concept - collection of beliefs about yourself
Self-esteem - how we value/perceive ourselves
Self-efficacy - belief in one’s ability to act
social attitudes - our evaluations about people and a predisposition to act in a particular way towards them
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study - students assigned to be a prisoner and a guard, they took their roles too seriously and forgot it was a study, it was shut down six days in
Milgrim's Obedience study - say words in a sequence, if you got one wrong, you get a shock and the voltage is turned up, participants would stop responding and the voltage would be turned up
Availability Heuristic - make a decision based on recent experiences/events
Representativeness Heuristic - used when making judgements about probability (how likely an event is to occur)
Anchoring - decisions are made from a specific reference point (an anchor)
Illegal questions - questions not to asked/answered during an interview or professional conversation
upward social comparison - when someone compares themselves to a person they see as superior
social loafing - a person puts in less effort towards a goal when working in a group
downward social comparison - defensive tendency in self evaluation, they look at a group/person that is worse off to make themselves feel better
Groupthink - members of a group tend to follow one viewpoint
norm of reciprocity - the social standard that people who help others will receive equivalent benefits from them in return
reference group. - a group that people use as a standard/norm to base themselves off of when selecting and appraising their own abilities
actor-observer effect. - the tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes, while attributing our own behavior to external causes
ultimate attribution error. - ultimate attribution error is the tendency to explain negative behaviours of an outgroup member as a flaw in their personality, and to justify positive behaviour performed by an outgroup member as a result of uncommon circumstances
fundamental attribution error - you tend to cut yourself a break while holding others 100 percent accountable for their actions.
Stereotypes - an oversimplified image of what a group/person should look/act like
Prejudice - a bias
Discrimination - the unjust treatment of people of different genders, culture, ethnicities, sexes, etc.
stereotype threat - socially premised psychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one's group applies
attitude change - when individuals experience feelings of uneasiness or guilt due to cognitive dissonance, and actively reduce the dissonance through changing their attitude, beliefs, or behavior relating in order to achieve consistency with the inconsistent cognitions
peripheral route - an indirect route that uses peripheral cues to associate positivity with the message
central route - a logic-driven approach, using data and facts to convince people of an argument or product's worthiness
Conformity - going with the group’s/majority answer even if you know it is wrong
Compliance - changing one’s behavior because someone asked you to
Obedience - responding to direct order from an authority figure
Deindividuation - a process where people lose their sense of social identity and resort to anti-social behavior
cognitive dissonance - mental conflict, beliefs dont line up with actions
door-in-the-face technique - a two-step procedure for enhancing compliance in which an extreme initial request is presented immediately before a more moderate target request
foot-in-the-door technique: ask for something small, then ask for something big
Altruistic: helping for the sake of helping
helping behavior: providing aid or benefit to another person
bystander effect: willingness to help decreases when others are around
Intelligence: the ability to derive information, learn from experience, adapt to the environment, understand, and correctly utilize thought and reason
unstructured interviews: an interview that is highly flexible in terms of the questions asked, the kinds of responses sought, and the ways in which the answers are evaluated across interviewers or across interviewees
structured interviews: a method for gathering information, used particularly in surveys and personnel selection, in which questions, their wordings, and their order of administration are determined in advance
Integrity test: a specific type of personality test designed to assess an applicant's tendency to be honest, trustworthy, and dependable
Motivation: influenced by the satisfaction of needs that are either necessary for sustaining life or essential for wellbeing and growth
structured learning: These are experiences that have a clear procedure to ensure that the learning occurs
trainee learning: test knowledge, skills, development
Performance-level: transfer or training to the work place
Training-level: systematic instruction and practice by which an individual acquires competence in a specific discipline, talent, or vocational or recreational skill or activity
identifying and recruiting job candidates: process of identifying and encouraging qualified candidates to apply for jobs with an organization
assessment centers: a standardized evaluation of behavior based on multiple evaluations including: job-related simulations, interviews, and/or psychological tests
job performance appraisal: A process in where an individual's performance is scored and feedback is given
personality test: designed to systematically elicit information about a person's motivations, preferences, interests, emotional make-up, and style of interacting with people and situations
job applicant interview: an interview for a job ??????
halo effect: a type of cognitive bias in which our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character
reverse halo effect: when the positive associations and perceptions associated with someone can cause negative reactions and consequences
horns effect: a cognitive process in which we immediately ascribe negative attitudes or behaviours to someone based on one aspect of their appearance or character
critical incident: a event that happens that hinders an employee from doing their work
KSAO: Knowledge, Skills, Abilities and Other Characteristics
discrimination in recruitment and hiring: illegal for employers to discriminate against race, color, religion, sex, nation of origin, age, disability
transfer of training: the effect of having learned one activity on an individual's execution of other activities
Overlearning: studying material beyond a pre-determined level of mastery
Sequencing:
Feedback: feedback system where employees receive anonymous comments, concerns, and kudos from peers
Kirkpatrick Model: model that evaluates training in 4 levels: reaction, learning, behavior, and results
ERG (Existence, relatedness, growth) theory: three groups of core needs, Existence (safy and physiological needs), Relatedness (social and self-esteem), and growth (self-esteem and self-actualization)
Expectancy theory: employees will work hard if they get results
Goal setting theory: goals that are clear, specific, and challenging are more motivating than vague goals or easy goals
job satisfaction: the attitude of a worker toward his or her job
family work conflict: occurs when an individual experiences incompatible demands between work and family roles, causing participation in both roles to become more difficult.
Turnover: whether an employee stays or leaves
Absenteeism: an individual's lack of physical presence at a given location and time when there is a social expectation for that person to be there
quiet quitting: when employees continue to do their job, but only do the work laid out in their job description
aggression at work/bullying: a persistent pattern of mistreatment from others in the workplace that causes either physical or emotional harm
repetitive strain injuries: pain caused by repeated movement of part of the body
work group: individuals cooperating under the direction of a leader.
work team: a group of people with complementary skills who work together to achieve a specific goal
Leadership: choosing, preparing, and influencing followers of diverse talents, skills, and capabilities while fostering the follower's self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience
autonomous work groups: small, self-regulated, employee-centered units within an organization that are given responsibility for developing procedures, organizing the production process, generating the required product, and maintaining quality
charisma training: provides a platform to practice and measure dynamic social interactions and related cognitive competencies