Latin Language Vocabulary and Grammar Review

Vocabulary Overview

• Vocabulary for chapters 1-9 is comprehensive and essential for understanding Latin language concepts. Refer to Quizlet for each chapter:

Chapter 1 Quizlet

Chapter 2 Quizlet

Chapter 3 Quizlet

Chapter 4 Quizlet

Chapter 5 Quizlet

Chapter 6 Quizlet

Chapter 7 Quizlet

Chapter 8 Quizlet

Chapter 9 Quizlet

Noun Endings

• Understanding noun endings is crucial for identifying gender and declension in Latin nouns. The following outlines the endings for various declensions:

1st Declension (feminine)

• Singular:

  • Nom.: puella

  • Acc.: puellam

  • Dat.: puellae

  • Abl.: puella

• Plural:

  • Nom.: puellae

  • Acc.: puellas

  • Dat.: puellis

  • Abl.: puellis

2nd Declension (masculine)

• Singular:

  • Nom.: amicus

  • Acc.: amicum

  • Dat.: amico

  • Abl.: amico

• Plural:

  • Nom.: amici

  • Acc.: amicos

  • Dat.: amicis

  • Abl.: amicis

2nd Declension (neuter)

• Singular:

  • Nom.: vinum

  • Acc.: vinum

  • Dat.: vino

  • Abl.: vino

• Plural:

  • Nom.: vina

  • Acc.: vina

  • Dat.: vinis

  • Abl.: vinis

3rd Declension (masculine/feminine)

• Singular:

  • Nom.: fur

  • Acc.: furem

  • Dat.: furi

  • Abl.: fure

• Plural:

  • Nom.: fures

  • Acc.: fures

  • Dat.: furibus

  • Abl.: furibus

3rd Declension (neuter)

• Singular:

  • Nom.: caput

  • Acc.: caput

  • Dat.: capiti

  • Abl.: capite

• Plural:

  • Nom.: capita

  • Acc.: capita

  • Dat.: capitibus

  • Abl.: capitibus

Noun Functions

• Nominative: subject of the sentence (performing action)

• Accusative: object of the sentence (receiving action)

• Dative: indirect object, translated as "to/for"

• Ablative: indicates means or accompaniment (often translates as "by/with/from")

Example Sentences

1. The man bought food for his wife with money.

2. You sang a song to the soldiers from the temple.

3. Dominus ancillae pecuniam cum gladio tradidit.

4. Amicus servo cibum dedit et ex foro currit.

Verb Endings

• Knowledge of verb endings is essential for conjugating both regular and irregular verbs.

Regular Verb "labor" Conjugation

Present Tense

• I: laboro - I work

• You: laboras - You work

• He/She/It: laborat - He/She/It works

• We: laboramus - We work

• You (pl.): laboratis - You all work

• They: laborant - They work

Imperfect Tense

• I: laborabam - I was working

• You: laborabas - You were working

• He/She/It: laborabat - He/She/It was working

• We: laborabamus - We were working

• You (pl.): laborabatis - You all were working

• They: laborabant - They were working

Perfect Tense

• I: laboravi - I worked

• You: laboravisti - You worked

• He/She/It: laboravit - He/She/It worked

• We: laboravimus - We worked

• You (pl.): laboravistis - You all worked

• They: laboraverunt - They worked

Irregular Verb "sum" Conjugation

Imperfect Tense

• I: sum - I am / eram - I was

• You: es - You are / eras - You were

• He/She/It: est - He/She/It is / erat - He/She/It was

• We: sumus - We are / eramus - We were

• You (pl.): estis - You all are / eratis - You all were

• They: sunt - They are / erant - They were

Superlatives

• Superlatives express a higher degree of an adjective. They often use the suffix "-issim-" to form a comparative. Examples:

  • quiētissima: very quiet (the quietest room)

  • fortissimus: very brave (the bravest brother)

  • frīgidissima: very cold (the coldest winter)

Formation

• Most superlatives are formed using the root of the adjective with improvements made for clarity and pronunciation.

• Example: iter difficile vs. iter difficillimum.

Prepositions

• Indicate location or direction, always appearing before the noun they modify.

Common Prepositions

• ad insulam = towards the apartment block

• per viam = through the street

• prope templum = near the temple

• cum gladio = with a sword

• ex templo = from the temple

• pro insula = in front of the apartment block

Time Phrases (Chapter 6)

• Various phrases used in Latin to express time, significant in context for conjugation.

Culture Topics

• Roman Conquest of Britain:

  • Analyze benefits and drawbacks. Use Chapters 7-9 for insight into the following aspects:

  • Contributions by Romans to Britain.

  • Oppression faced by the British.

  • Reactions from the British population to Roman rule (including Boudica's resistance).

• Roman vs British Forces:

  • Utilize the provided worksheet and references in Chapter 9 for revision and comparison of military tactics and outcomes.