Notes 1.1.docx

TEST THREE NOTES

  • Peter Behrens and Deutscher Werkbund

  • Holy roman empire

    • Bunch of small areas and different rules that made up an empire which made industrialization harder than say a large civilized country like France

    • Instead of industrialization you had rich elites and farmers

  • The German Reich (1871-1918)

    • Germany is at an economic and political disadvantage

    • Political consolidation in 1871 gave a central government in berlin

      • Standardization of transportation and led to industrialization

      • Turned focus to modernizing and expanding army

      • Want to have an export economy

      • Delegate sent to England who was fascinated with arts and crafts movement

      • Wanted to implement the good qualities of the arts and crafts movement but use industrializations to make them

  • Peter Behrens (1868-1940) and Deutscher Werkbund (1907)

    • Peter is a practicing architect

      • Built a settlement around the arts and crafts principles

      • Builds his own house with interesting vernacular architecture

        • Art noveau and vernacular, and interesting details

      • Joined the Werkbund and was a part of the AEG

        • AEG = electrical

        • Essentially rebranded them into a consistent graphic style

        • Created the logo and produced advertisements

        • Redesigned some of their products

        • Werkbund was about taking the necessary parts of products and making them decorative

      • AEG Turbine Factory, Berlin 1900

        • Tried to elevate the type of building by designing and arranging it in a way that it could resemble a historical building without adding decoration

        • Huge amounts of glass

        • Steel columns top to bottom

        • Gambrel (faceted round roof) roof pediment

        • “Temple to Industry”

        • Added artificial perspective with the large bricks (non-load bearing) to make it seem bigger than it actually was.

        • Represented a new culture for Germany

        • Used triple hinged arch in construction

  • Rationalism (“Functionalism”)

    • Walter Gropius (1883-1969

      • Hired by Peter Behrens

      • First solo commission was for a shoe mold making factory

      • Applied what he learned from Behrens to this building

      • Use of the building is office space for the factory

      • Wanted ample natural light and ventilation

      • Lots of glazing

      • Banded brick on entrance (like AEG turbine factory)

      • Columns not on the corners to exaggerate the glass

      • Brick pilasters taper to give the verticality and size illusion

    • Walter Gropius

      • Werkbund Pavilion Cologne

        • Building to show off German mechanical equipment

        • Glazed stair towers at the corners are the most visually important

          • Lit at night. Glowed

  • Expressionism

    • Bruno Taut

      • Glass pavilion

        • Building to show off the glass making

        • Cologne. Right next to Walter Gropius’s mechanical equipment building

        • Concrete ribs with glass panels inbetween

        • Round egg shape look

        • Interior has a complicated flow to the upper level

        • Glass tile, colorful, patterns

        • Electric colored lighting under the little waterfall

        • All about creating an emotional experience EXPRESSIONISM

    • Erich Mendelsohn (1887-1953)

      • Interested in the notion of movement

        • Lines that would create a sense of movement

      • Department stores

      • Favored buildings at corners so that you could turn on the road and see the effect on the other side

      • Einstein Observatory Potsdam (1920s)

        • Observatory for specific solar events

        • No right angles

        • Organic form with some repetitive elements

        • Very symmetrical plan

        • Light capturing tower in the center

        • Stairs are chiseled off to create a jagged effect

        • Dynamic forms

        • Built 80-90% of the building with brick and the rest was molded with stucco

  • Weimar Constitution

    • After WW1- “Every German family is owed a House”

  • Bauhaus (1919-1933)

    • School founded by Gropius and others to reform the education system

    • At first did not teach architecture, taught design, art, craft, weaving, etc

    • Only lasted 14 years

    • Based out of three different cities in those 14 years

    • Gropius is director for the first 6-7 years

    • Eventually did get into architecture

    • Many architecture schools still base the early learning exercises off of the Bauhaus 1st year exercise. (Make 3d objects out of paper)

    • Developed their own typeface

    • Graphic design

    • Photography, stop motion

    • About color, abstraction, new creations, experimentation

    • Furniture design

    • Oscar Schlemmer

      • Director of the theater department

      • Drew his own version of the Vitruvian man “body lives outside of itself”

    • Gropius is responsible for the architectural side

      • They are in their second home at this time

      • New School Building

        • Rectilinear forms, use of industrial type glazing, flat roofs, color accents

      • Gropius’s response to Germanys’ city post WW1

        • German city pre ww1

          • The German cities were very industrial

          • They were not planned at all

          • Growing rapidly

        • His response

          • Planned neighborhood type of living

          • Row housing

Oriented and spaced according to light so that all buildings can get light without being shaded by another building

  • Houses would have their own plumbing for each unit

  • Walter Gropius Bauhaus Academy, Dessau (1920s)

    • Designed to house all activities of the school, workshops, offices, residential, cafeteria, and theatre

    • Pinwheel form

      • Experiential approach

    • Reduced materials to very simple materials, stucco and windows, (solid and void)

    • White stucco does not continue all the way to the ground.

      • Gives appearance of the building floating

    • Stairs were important for the social aspect of the school

      • Stair landing wide enough to stop and talk

    • Colorful interior

    • Interesting light fixtures throughout

      • The interesting design was all functional

  • Mies Van Der Rohe (1886-1969)

    • Third and final director of the Bauhaus while in Berlin

    • Does some theoretical works

    • Designed theoretical tall clad skyscraper buildings

      • Form is the floorplan extruded all the way up

  • Lilly Reich (1885-1947)

    • Worked with Mies Van Der Rohe

  • Weissenhofsiedlung, Stuttgart 1927

    • Free standing new neighborhood designed also in response to pre WW1 living conditions

    • Mies organizes the exhibition, sets the standards, and designs the largest building

      • Everything is supposed to be white, flat roof, examples of the latest technology

      • His building was an apartment block

    • Le Corbusier did two houses in this exhibition

  • Barcelona Pavilion (with Lily Reich) Barcelona, Spain

    • An entry space to the Stuttgart Exhibition

    • Emphasis on horizontality

    • Textured stone

    • Space was not meant to be closed off

    • False perceptions were made about this due to the black and white photo and how the picture was taken above eye level

    • Floor to ceiling glass

    • Pools of water

    • Developed furniture for this project

    • Expensive modernism

  • Le Corbusier (Charles-Edourad Jenneret (1887-1965)

    • Villa Fallet (La Chaux-de-Fonds) 1905-06

      • Arts and crafts

      • Local stone

      • Steep roof

      • Vernacular

    • Villa Farve-Jacot (Le Locle)

      • Steep site

      • Round foyer for stair hall

      • Large double volume living room behind stairs

      • Steep pitched roof

      • Stucco façade

      • Abstracted classical orders on columns

      • Interior has simple geometries

    • Villa Schwob 1916

      • Very unusual

      • Blank square of stucco on the exterior

      • Double height interior in the living space

      • White stucco interior

    • The lesson of Rome is the underlining simple geometry

    • Maison Dom-ino (1914)

      • Illustrates the idea of a basic structural system with columns and concrete slabs

      • Thinking about how he can eliminate load bearing walls

    • Towards an Architecture (book of his)

      • 1) search for type: non material essence, consisting of all necessary qualities for a class of thing (as known through studying examples)

      • 2) develop the type rationally

        • The perfect form comes from the increasing iterations

      • 3) search for universally valid results - “object type”

        • Purism style of painting

        • Object types have a basic relationship with perfect geometry

    • Citrohan House (1920-22)

      • Develops idea that house should be elevated above the ground

      • Thinks the houses should not be super large

      • Made different examples while “on the way to the ideal form”

    • Five points of Architecture: How to develop the architectural type rationally

      • 1) raised on “pilotis”

      • 2) open plan

      • 3) free façade

      • 4) ribbon window

      • 5) roof garden

    • Charlotte Perriand

      • Worked with Corbusier did furniture etc. what women were allowed to do

    • Villa Savoye

      • “purest” of all of his buildings

      • Implemented all of his 5 points

      • Was not meant to be approached by foot meant to be driven too

      • Rural environment

      • Geometry is very important

      • Colored the first floor green to try and blend in with the crass

      • Sink In the foyer is seen by him as the ideal object type and was not designed by him was made by factory (home depot sink)

      • Look of the roof deliberately evoked the look of a ship

  • Importing Modernism and skyscrapers in America

    • Sullivan’s principles:

      • Exterior expression of functional zones

      • Expression of verticality

      • Ideal Form follows the function is a modern Arts and Crafts movement

  • New York Zoning Codes 1916

    • Equitable building in lower Manhattan

      • Take the buildable area and basically just extrude it straight up

      • It was so large and intimidating that it scared people

    • Mandated setbacks

      • As the building rises the façade has to have a setback from the façade below (gives that step up look)

  • Art Deco

    • Exposition des Arts Decortifs (Paris 1925)

    • Lots of color

    • Simple planar surfaces

    • Not a lot of ornament

    • Emphasis on curves movements and color

    • Grasped quickly on skyscrapers

  • William Van Alen

    • Chrysler Building New York (1929-30)

    • Volume was adapted to the NY zoning codes

    • Abstracted form at the top of the building

    • Stainless steel crown on top

    • Repeated cellular approach to the floors

    • Some Sullivan ideas and some art deco ideas

  • Competition for the Chicago Tribune Tower

    • Skyscraper designs by Europeans (generated by theory) VS. skyscraper designs by American Architects (non-theoretical aesthetic criteria, such as style or how the building meets the sky)

    • Walter Gropius’ Entry

      • Based on the notion of the structural frame

      • Rectilinear frame

      • Picturesquely asymmetrical

      • Chicago window

    • Bruno Taut’s Entry

      • Extruded form then tapers to the top

      • Colored lights

      • Crown at the top

      • Emphasis on the vertical grid

    • Adolf Loos’ Entry

      • Two parts with a straight forward base and a doric column extrusion up the top

    • Howells and Hood’s Gothic revival was chosen

      • Why gothic?

        • Emphasis on the verticality

        • Leading your eye up like gothic churches do

        • Gothic in the detail and ornament

      • Formula for the floor layout

      • “core” of the building had the circulation and vertical access (stairs, elevator, mechanical) was beginning to be made

      • Lots of structure within the core

      • Detailing on the exterior was very gothic

    • Woolworth building was the first gothic revival skyscraper built

      • Built in 1913 pre dated the zoning code but appreciated the slimmer tower look

      • Was a form of marketing and advertising by just being a large noticeable building

    • Tower of life in San Antonio is gothic revival with the verticality

  • How modernism was brought to the USA

  • 1- Modernism brought to the USA by the Chicago tribune competition

  • 2- Modernism also brough to the USA by the show “International Modernism”

  • 3- Many of the modernist move to the USA

    • 1932 exhibit at the museum of modern art, new York (organized by Philip Johnson and henry Russell Hitchcock): “International Modernism”

      • International Modernism in Europe:

        • Volume (not mass)

        • Regularity (not symmetry)

        • No historical detail

    • Howe and Lescaze

      • Philadelphia savings fund society, Philadelphia (1929-1932

        • Represents the real first true modern building

        • 3 parts, base, repeated floors, and what appears to be a vertical service core

        • Frist large scale advertising with name on top of building

        • Floor plan breaks the rule of having the service core in the center

        • One of the firs applications of escalators

  • Famous European architects move to the USA around time of Hitler taking power

    • Mies landed in Chicago and was a teacher

      • Does new campus for IIT

        • Steel frame and very modernist structures

    • Gropius ends up at Harvard

    • Broyer established a practice

      • They come and teach modernism

  • Late Le Corbusier

    • Modernist principles

    • Personal expression

    • Expression of material

    • Mainly known for his “purist” villas that follow his 5 points of architecture

    • Maisons Jaoul, Paris (designed 1937)

      • Materials easily recognizable on the outside

      • Green roof

      • Different expressions than his usual “purist” villas

      • Two town home Ish buildings on the same lot

      • Shallow vaults on the interior

      • Very earthy pallet

    • Modular man

      • Thinking of a more humanist approach to architecture

      • Proportions derived from the human man

    • Unite d’Habitation, Marseilles (1946-1952)

      • Multi family project

      • Cast in place concrete frame

      • Briezsole

        • Shading structure used to shade the interior from the summer sun but let the winter sun in

        • Reduced the amount of corridors

        • Very colorful

        • Cross ventilation

        • Double height living spaces

        • Intentionally rough form boarded concrete on the pilote base

        • Worked with auguste perrier

      • Becomes a model for social housing

    • Notre-Dame du Haut, Ronchamp (1955)

      • Does not have 5 points of church architecture

      • Fascinated with tent architecture

      • Form boarded concrete

      • Thick walls

      • Tall structure maybe representing a bell tower

      • White stucco

      • The entrance to the building is at the pinnacle of a hill

      • Irregularly placed windows

      • Preserved the slope of the hill which pulls you down toward the alter

    • Friary at La Tourette, Near Lyons (1953-1961)

      • Engraved into a hill

      • Enter at the middle of the building and can circulate around the whole thing and can go up or down a few floors

      • All board formed concrete

      • Square plan

      • Series of irregular shaped arched struts

  • Late Frank Lloyd Wright (1911-1959)

    • Taliesin, Wisconsin

      • Bought a piece of land and developed it for his own home and other functions

      • Built on the brow of the hill not quite the peak

      • Architecture ought to harmonize with nature

      • Emphasis on views to the exterior

      • Arts and crafts total work of art on the interior, built in furniture.

    • Millard House, Los Angeles (1923): “Textile Block”

      • Rectilinear and blocky form with much less windows than his prairie style homes

      • Wants to make quality housing more available and affordable

      • Based on an idea of a repeated module

    • Broadacre City (beginning in 1932)

      • Formulates an idea based on the grid in the western part of the united states

      • Decentralized city

      • Idea of each house having enough acreage to be self sufficient

    • “Usonian” Houses (1936 and later)

      • Houses apart of broadacre city

      • Most productive part of his career

      • Built some communities and solo builds of these houses

      • Slab foundation and flat roof to get rid of attic and basement

      • Wood framed

      • Emphasized connection with exterior with floor to ceiling windows and doors

      • Open plan

      • Floors with radiant heating in the floors

    • Falling Water, Bear run, PA (1935-1938)

      • Kauffman family commission

      • Put the house right on their favorite rock where they had picnics

      • Composed of stone vertical areas where local stone was used “arts and crafts vernacular”

      • Concrete cantilevers painted a cream white

      • Large windows

      • Outward moving force that is similar to his earlier houses

      • No apparent front door (sense of discovery)

      • Glass is tucked into the stone to have the eye follow the stone to the outside

      • Was under engineered where the concrete began to sag

      • Rock where the family use to have their picnics was bulging through the floor right Infront of the fireplace

    • Johnson Wax Headquarters, Racine, Wisconsin (1936-1950)

      • Very odd building for FLW

      • Curved edges

      • Very inward focused

      • Composed mostly of a reddish pink brick

      • Windows are strange, can not see through them which was intentional

      • Solution to being in a not very pretty location was to use light tubes which let light in to the space but you could not see out of the windows

      • Most well known for the structural mushroom columns

        • Had to prove the structural columns ability to work

      • Large work space with tube windows and mushroom columns (feels like you are underwater looking up at Lilly pads)

    • Taliesin Fellowship (1932-1959)

      • His apprentice community

    • Taliesen West, Scottsdale Arizona (1937)

      • Wright and his fellowship spent the fall and winter here and spring and summers in Wisconsin

      • Built with the knowledge of the site

      • Free standing self sufficient structure for when they are there

      • Develops 2 systems based on the environment

        • 1. Masonry system with low volumes

          • Built form work and put local stones and stiff concrete to create these rusticated walls

        • 2. Tent idea that relates to the desert

          • Tall volumes with rib structures and permeable canvas like roofing that allows a breeze through but also water when it does rarely rain

      • Very low ceilings

      • Native plant landscaping which was radical at the time

  • How did architects develop upon International Modernism?

    • Lack of historic ornament

  • Alvar Aalto (1898-1976)

    • His early work is a variation of academic classicism known as Nordic classicism

      • Nordic classicism is similar to academic classicism but more stripped down

    • Paimio Sanitorium (1929-1933)

      • Asylum for tuberculosis patients

      • Clear forms in term of geometry

      • White stucco

      • Repeated modular window

      • Orange color

      • Built in a remote wooded area

      • Window sizes differ based on the function of the room that the window is associated with

      • Interested in ergonomics (human proportions and movements)

      • Retractable shades to let light in during cold and shade during hot

    • Curvilinear design becomes a signature of his

      • Uses lots of curvilinear forms in his furniture designs

      • Uses plywood

    • 1938 worlds fair in New York

      • Interior of the Finnish pavilion was curvilinear and he designed the interior

    • Villa Mairea, Noormarkku (1937-1939)

      • Complex house

      • 3 sided building and the 4th side is nature that encloses the back yard

      • White stucco with interesting windows and wood elements

      • Contrasting forms and materials

      • Use of materials made you feel connected with nature

      • Sauna has a green roof that is connected to the main structure with a walk way and the sauna is made out of wood

      • Plays with the perception of the columns to resemble trees

    • Saynatsalo Town Hall, Saynatsalo (1949-1952)

      • Strange mix use building

        • Admin offices

        • Meeting room for town council

        • Library

        • Retail shops under the library area

      • Rectilinear with courtyard space

      • One regular stair (employee stair) and one irregular stair (visitor side)

      • Brick on the exterior

      • Courtyard is completely glazed and does not have a formal relationship with the main exterior material.

      • The pedestrian irregular stair is planted.

      • Employee regular stair is not planted.

      • Brick was a veneer and not load bearing.

    • Church of the Three Crosses, Imatra (1956-1958)

      • Create a place of worship that can be modified by space to hold different events.

        • Achieved the space separation by using partitions.

      • Curvilinear form shown in plan and section

      • Entrance is on the same side as the speaker.

  • Modern Architecture in Mexico

    • Juan O’Gorman (1906-1982)

      • Corbusier influence

      • House of Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, San Angel D.F. (1931-32)

        • Two separate houses attached by a bridge

        • Color used

        • Fence made out of cactus

        • Similar to Corbusier

      • UNAM Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City

        • Mario Pani, Enrique del Moral, and Others (completed 1954)

        • Large scale with lots of open space

        • Large buildings with large open space between them

        • Architects used form of local old pyramids to design

          • Stepped ramps

          • Volcanic rock material

        • O’Gorman designs the Library

          • Massive mosaic façade

        • Built retaining wall to create flat surfaces through the slopped site

        • Composed in 2 pieces

          • Long shorter main library area

          • Tall stacked volume for book storage

        • Overall composition of the mosaic resembles the talac which was a mythological Mexican symbol

      • Does his own personal house

        • Built his house on top of and between two very large basalt volcanic rocks

    • Luis Barragan (1902-1988)

      • Very prolific

      • Influenced by Mexican vernacular architecture

      • Loved color

      • Casa Luis Barragan (1947)

        • Blank wall with some windows built right up to the sidewalk

        • Roof terrace – planar surfaces, abstractly arrange, little detail, rough stucco walls, stone paving floor, shadows cast

        • Stairwells used as large light volumes

        • No stair railings

        • Used wood on things that were mainly going to be touched

        • Ceiling to floor window to force your eye outside

      • Tlapan Chapel, Tlapan, Mexico City (1954-60)

        • Addition to existing building

        • Fascinated with water which were used as quite reflective pieces

        • Grid wall used in courtyard as a very interesting reflected light form

        • Strange angle wall in the chapel that reflects light from the adjacent window and illuminates the cross

      • Satellite Towers near Mexico City (1958) with Mathis Goeritz

        • Skinny hollow concrete triangular towers

        • Looks two dimensional from the side

      • San Cristobal Stables near Mexico City (1968)

        • House for people and horses

        • Large, centralized basin for horses to wade in and drink from

        • White stucco, large window openings

        • More rural location

        • Created a wall with trees

        • Water spout fountain thing that poured water into the water basin

      • Casa Gilardi (1977)

        • Sharing wall with neighboring building – hinders ability to bring in light from side walls

        • Very colorful

        • Courtyard used to bring light into the house

        • Rough stucco, bright colors, interesting windows

        • Windows with different colored walls that cast into the home

        • Reflecting pool

      • Felix Candela (1910-1997)

        • Hyperbolic Paraboloid surfaces that work well in both compressive and tensile forces

        • Thin structurally sound concrete forms

robot