Untitled Flashcards Set

Norms- a society’s understood rules for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior in individual and social situations.Conformity- adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

normative social influence- influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

informational social influence- influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

Obedience- complying with an order or a command.

social facilitation- in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks.

social loafing- the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Deindividuation- the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

group polarization- the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Groupthink- the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Culture- the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

tight culture- a place with clearly defined and reliably imposed norms.

loose culture- a place with flexible and informal norms.

Aggression- any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

frustration-aggression principle- the principle that frustration — the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal — creates anger, which can generate aggression.

social script- a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

mere exposure effect- the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them.

Passionate love- an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship.

companionate love- the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Equity- a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Altruism- unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

bystander effect- the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

social exchange theory- the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

reciprocity norm- an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

social-responsibility norm- an expectation that people will help those needing their help.

Conflict- a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

social trap- a situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

mirror-image perceptions- mutual views often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

self-fulfilling prophecy- a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

superordinate goals- shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

GRIT- Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction; a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.