Module 1: Historical Development of Pharmacy Practice

WHAT IS PHARMACY?

 is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, quality and affordable use of medicines.

PHARMACY

 defined as the Profession which is concerned with the art and science of preparing drugs from natural and synthetic sources, and from suitable and convenient dosage form for administration for the treatment and prevention of diseases both of man and of animals.

 The origin of drugs is versatile. It is obtained from many sources such as plants, animals, minerals, microbial, synthetic and biotechnologically.

 embraces the knowledge of the

• identification,

• selection,

• pharmacologic action,

• preservation,

• analysis, and

• standardization of drugs & medicine

 from the Greek word “pharmakon”– drug or medicine

WHY IS PHARMACISTS IMPORTANT?

♦ Pharmacists play an important role in helping people get the best results from their medications.

♦ Pharmacists are medication experts who enhance patient care and promote wellness.

PHARMACIST

 person considered the expert on drugs or considered as the medication expert.

 it is his legally granted responsibility to handle drugs and to know all about those drugs.

WHO IS A PHARMACIST?

♦ A pharmacist, also known as a chemist or a druggist, is a healthcare professional who specializes in the preparation, dispensing, and management of medications to ensure safe and effective use, while also providing medication counseling and guidance to patients and healthcare providers.

♦ Also, pharmacists often serve as primary care providers in the community and may offer other services such as health screenings and immunizations.

WHAT IS A PHARMACY /CIES?

 a store/outlet where medicinal drugs are prepared, dispensed and sold which is under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist.

WHAT IS A MEDICATION AND A DRUG?

 A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease or to promote well being.

 A drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.

FIVE HISTORICAL PERIODS IN PHARMACY

♦ Ancient Through Early Modern Era:

♦ Human prehistory to AD 1500

♦ Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940

♦ Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970

♦ Patient Care Era: 1970 to present

♦ Biotechnology and genetic engineering: The new horizon

BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY

 Ancient man learned from instinct from observation of birds and beasts.

 Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was his first soothing application.

 Why people got sick before

• victim of evil forces

• god’s anger

• disease as a punishment of god

 Use for treating ailment before

• Supernatural

• Natural resources

 Healer during the early days

• Shaman

• Priest

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT BABYLONIA

 provides the earliest practice of the art of the apothecary.

 Practitioners of healing of this era were priest, pharmacist and physician, all in one.

 Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the gods.

2 Types of Medical Care in Babylonia:

 Asipu - magical healer - rely on spells and magical stones

 Asu - empirical healer - make use of plant materials- drew from large collections of drugs and manipulated them into several dosage forms.

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT CHINA

 Shen Nung, an emperor who investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs.

 He have tested many of them on himself and written the first Pen T-Sao or native herbal, with 350 different drugs.

 medicinal plants included podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, ephedra, ma huang etc.

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT EGYPT

 discovered of various dosage forms, (enemas, infusions, inhalations, lotions etc.)

 plant drugs such as acacia, onions, aloe, castor oil, opium etc.

 they prepared drugs with mortar and pestle, hand mills and weighing balances etc.

 The best known and most important pharmaceutical record is the "Papyrus Ebers" a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs.

PHARMACY IN ANCIENT GREECE

 Asclepius, (god of the healing art) was believed to impact healing by touching one with his staff or serpent.

 His daughter, Hygeia (the goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation), was also believed to have a healing portion

 the international symbol of the pharmacy profession “BOWL OF HYGEIA”

HIPPOCRATES

 “father of medicine”

 introduction of scientific pharmacy and medicine.

 he showed in his writing and practices the fundamental of scientific method of research.

 starts with observation and classification, rejection of unsupported theory, superstition

 wrote the Oath of Hippocrates – Physicians (Hipprocratic Oath)

THEOPHRASTUS

 “father of botany"

 greek philosopher and natural scientists.

 deals with the medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs

PEDANIUS DIOSCORIDES

 a greek physician and botanist

 deal with botany as an applied science of pharmacy.

 published De Materia Medica, or, "On Medicinal Substances" in five volumes.

 the books have recorded what he observed, rules for collection of drugs, their storage and use

MITHRIDATES VI EUPATOR

 King of Pontus

 The Royal Toxicologist

 he makes the art of poisoning, (preventing and counteracting poisoning - antidote)

 he used himself as well as his prisoners as "guinea pigs" on which to test poisons and antidotes.

 created “universal antidote” to make himself and his friends immune to all poisons and toxins

CLAUDIUS GALEN

 experimenter in drug compounding

 practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine

 his principles of preparing and compounding medicines

 associated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means - galenicals.

 originator of the formula for a cold cream

Terra Sigillata

 an early “trademarked” drug

 advantage of trademarks as a means of identification of source and of gaining customers' confidence.

 Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth), a clay tablet originating in the Mediterranean island

 washed, refined, rolled to a mass of proper thickness, the clay was formed into pastilles and impressed with an official seal by priestesses, then sun -dried

 the tablets were then widely distributed commercially

DAMIAN AND COSMAS

 Patron Saints

 Twinship of the health professions

 Damian, the apothecary (Pharmacy)

 Cosmas, the physician (Medicine)

MONASTIC PHARMACY

 the monks gathered herbs and simples in the field or raised them in their own herb gardens.

 these are prepared according to the art of the apothecary for the benefit of the sick and injured.

 manuscripts from many islands were translated or copied for monastery libraries.

ARABIAN ERA

 The first apothecary shops

 The Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and physician

 first privately owned drug stores

 developing with the aid of their natural resources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic liquids.

AVICENNA

 the "persian galen"

 Persian, Ibn Sina called Avicenna

 he was a pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher and diplomat.

 he gave contribution to the sciences of pharmacy and medicine by his pharmaceutical teachings.

 Book of Healing – cure or heal ignorance of the soul

The Canon of Medicine – contemporary medical knowledge

SEPARATION OF PHARMACY AND MEDICINE

 in Sicily and southern Italy, Pharmacy was separated from Medicine.

 Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, who was Emperor of Germany as well as King of Sicily, was in his palace in Palermo, he presented subject Pharmacists with the first European edict, which is known as the Magna Carta of Pharmacy .

 The three decrees of the Magna Carta (1) The pharmaceutical profession was to be separated from the medical profession (2) The pharmaceutical profession should be supervised officially (3) Pharmacists should take an oath to prepare drugs reliably, according to skilled art and in a uniform suitable quality.

CARL WILHELM SCHEELE

 he is known as the Father of Modern Plant Chemistry.

 greatest of the Pharmacist, chemist

 discovered oxygen, chlorine, prussic acid, tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, nitro-glycerine, and countless other organic compounds

PHILIPPUS AUREOLUS THEOPHRASTUS BOMBASTUS VON HOHENHEIM

 a swiss physician and chemist who influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a profession based primarily on botanical science to one based on chemical science.

 he believed it was possible to prepare a specific medicinal agent to combat each specific disease and introduced a host of chemical substances to internal therapy.

THE FIRST OFFICIAL PHARMACOPOEIA

 The idea of a pharmacopoeia with official status, to be followed by all apothecaries, originated in Florence.

 The Nuovo Receptario (first book officially recognized pharmaceutical compilation), originally written in Italian, was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498.

 It was the result of collaboration of the Guild of Apothecaries and the Medical Society - one of the earliest manifestations of constructive interprofessional relations.

THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OF LONDON

 In 1617, Francis Bacon (philosopher-politician) formed a separate company known as the "Master, Wardens and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London".

 This was the first organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon world

THE GOVERNOR WHO HEALED THE SICK

 John Winthrop

 he is a politician-physician and first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony with broad interests in chemistry, metallurgy, astronomy, botany, and Materia Medica.

 he developed “sovereigne remedy” that he called “rubila,” which he believed was effective in the treatment of measles, colics, headaches, sciatica and many other ailmen

THE MARSHALL APOTHECARY

 Christopher Marshall, established his apothecary shop in Philadelphia in 1729.

 During 96 years, this pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise became a leading retail store, nucleus of large-scale chemical manufacturing; a "practical" training school for pharmacists; an important supply depot during the Revolution;

 and finally, it was managed by granddaughter Elizabeth, America's first woman pharmacist.

 Christopher earned the title of "The fighting Quaker" during the Revolution

FIRST HOSPITAL IN COLONIAL AMERICA

 Colonial America's first hospital (Pennsylvania) was established in Philadelphia in 1751.

 The first Hospital Pharmacy began in 1752.

 The first Hospital Pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts;

 but it was his successor, John Morgan, whose practice as a hospital pharmacist, first as pharmacist, later as physician, he advocated prescription writing and championed independent practice of two profession.

ANDREW CRAIGIE

 AMERICA'S FIRST APOTHECARY GENERAL

 the first man to hold the rank of a commissioned pharmaceutical officer in an American army was the Bostonian apothecary, Andrew Craigie.

 his duties included procurement, storage, manufacture, and distribution of the Army's drug requirements.

 he also developed an early wholesaling and manufacturing business.

FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADAM SERTURNER

 first of the alkaloid chemist

 German apothecary, discovered opium's chief narcotic principle, morphine – narcotic analgesic – moderate to severe pain;

 recognize and prove the importance of a new class of organic substances: alkaloids (morphine)

CAVENTOU, PELLETIER AND QUININE

 french pharmacists,

 Messrs. Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph-Bienaimé Caventou,

 isolated emetine (induces vomiting) from ipecacuanha in 1817; antidote

 strychnine (pesticide) and brucine (anti-inflammatory and analgesic) from nux vomica

 Peruvian barks that were so useful against malaria.

 separation of quinine and cinchonine (antimalarial) from the cinchona barks

AMERICAN PHARMACY BUILDS ITS FOUNDATIONS

 faced with two major threats; deterioration of the practice of pharmacy, and a discriminatory classification by the University of Pennsylvania medical faculty,

 the pharmacists of Philadelphia formed an association, which became The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, a school of pharmacy, and a self-policing board.

 Sixty-eight pharmacists signed the Constitution of the first pharmaceutical association in the United States.

THE SHAKERS AND MEDICINAL HERBS

 Shakers - First U.S. industry in medicinal herbs (in 1820).

 The Shakers gathered or cultivated some 200 varieties; dried, chopped, and pressed them into "bricks"; wrapped, labeled, and sold them to pharmacists and physicians world-wide.

 the Shaker label was recognized for reliability and quality for more than a century.

THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION

 Under the leadership of its first President, Daniel B. Smith, and first Secretary, William Procter, Jr.

 twenty delegates launched The American Pharmaceutical Association and opened membership to "all pharmaceutists and druggists"

WILLIAM PROCTER JR- THE FATHER OF AMERICAN PHARMACY

 graduated from The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1837

 leader in founding The American Pharmaceutical Association

 served that organization as its first secretary; later, as its president.

A REVOLUTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION

 Dr. Albert B. Prescott launched the pharmacy course at the University of Michigan in 1868,

 he abandoned the traditional requirement of pre graduation apprenticeship.

 At the 1871 convention of the American Pharmaceutical Association, he was denied credentials and the Michigan course pioneered other major changes: laboratory pharmacy, a definite curriculum that included basic sciences, and a program that demanded students' full-time attention.

THE PHARMACOPOEIA COMES OF AGE

 The first "United States Pharmacopoeia" (1820) was the work of the medical profession.

 It was the first book of drug standards from a professional source to have achieved a nation's acceptance.

 Dr. Edward R. Squibb, manufacturing pharmacist as well as physician, took the problem to The American Pharmaceutical Association convention.

 Pharmacists formed a "Committee on Revision" chairmanned by hospital pharmacist Charles Rice, assisted by pharmacist-educator Joseph P. Remington, and by Dr. Squibb, their indefatigable collaborator. The "U.S. Pharmacopoeia" surged to new importance.

THE STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS

 Parke Davis & Company introduced standardized "Liquor Ergotae Purificatus" in 1879.

 Dr. Albert Brown Lyons, as the firm's Chief Chemist, further developed methods of alkaloidal assay.

 Messrs. Parke and Davis recognized the value of his work, and in 1883, announced a list of twenty standardized "normal liquids.”

STANISLAS LIMOUSIN

 Pharmacal inventor

 french retail pharmacist, combining scientific knowledge with technical skill and with inventive genius

 Among the many devices which he introduced to Pharmacy and Medicine

• medicine dropper;

• the system of coloring poisons (such as corrosive sublimate);

• wafer cachets (which found favor prior to mass production of the gelatin capsule).

 His greatest contributions,

• apparatus for the inhalation and therapeutic administration of oxygen;

• glass ampoules that could be sealed and sterilized for preservation of solutions for hypodermic use.

THE ERA OF BIOLOGICALS

 1894, Behring and Roux announced the effectiveness of diphtheria antitoxin

 Parke Davis & Company was among the pioneers. The serum became available in 1895, and lives of thousands of children were saved.

 1903, Parke-Davis received U.S. Biological License No. 1.

 New, improved biological products have continued to become available, climaxed in 1955 by poliomyelitis vaccine.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMOTHERAPY

 Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau - french pharmacist

 His early work with bismuth and arsenic compounds advanced the treatment of syphilis.

 he broke the German secret for sleeping sickness; paved the way for the life-saving sulfonamide compounds; and from his laboratories came the first group of chemicals having recognized antihistaminic (tx of allergic reactions) properties.

 His work led other investigators to broad fields of chemotherapeutic research.

LIST OF NOTABLE PHARMACISTS

 Charles Alderton (1857-1941), American inventor of the soft drink Dr Pepper

 Caleb Bradham (1867-1934), American inventor of the soft drink Pepsi

 Charles Elmer Hires (1851-1937), American inventor of the soft drink Hires Root Beer

 John Pemberton (1831-1888), American inventor of the soft drink Coca-Cola

 James Vernor (1843-1927), American inventor of Vernor's ginger ale

 William Procter, Jr. (1817-1872), regarded as the "father of American pharmacy", was instrumental in the founding of the American Pharmaceutical Association in 1852

 Harvey A. K. Whitney (1894-1957), founder and first president of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists in 1942

INDUSTRIALIZATION ERA

 Large numbers of war-related injuries led to the growth of industrial manufacturing in order to meet the need for pharmaceutical products

 The periods of development of manufacturing pharmacy began as follows:

• Formative (1867)

• Botanical (1875)

• Standardization (1882)

• Biological (1895)

• Organic Chemical Synthesis (1883)

• Hormones (1901)

• Vitamins (1909)

• Antibiotics (1940)

 Many retail pharmacists protested the industrialization of manufacturing

 Industrialization brought about:

• Biologically prepared products

• Complex chemical synthesis

• Increased use of parenteral medications

• Standardized manufacturing

THE ERA OF ANTIBIOTICS

 Antibiotics are not new. Their actions probably were first observed by Pasteur in 1877

 Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1929 went undeveloped and Florey and Chain studied it in 1940.

 Under pressure of World War II, the pharmaceutical manufacturers rapidly adapted mass production methods to penicillin

PATIENT CARE ERA

 Increased concentration on rational, targeted research through the use of computers

 Multiple drug therapy led to adverse reactions, interactions, and therapeutic outcomes that were greater than or less than desired

 Patient-focused drug therapy evolved, centered on drug control or drug monitoring

 C.D. Hepler established the concept of pharmaceutical care in the late 1980s

CLINICAL PHARMACY CONCEPT

 Area of pharmacy concerned with science and practice of rational medication use.

 R’s - (Right diagnosis, Right drug, Right Patient, Right dose and dosing Interval and Right Route of Administration)

 Patient centered services that promote the appropriate selection, utilization and monitoring of medications.

 Its objectives is to optimize individual improve therapeutic outcome

THE NEW HORIZON

 Biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to produce drugs, hormones, and other products

 Genetic engineering is the scientific alteration of the structure of genetic material in a living organism

 Genetic research is involved in the pursuit of cures for major diseases such as cancer

THE PHILIPPINE PHARMACY

 1871, the University of Santo Tomas which was founded in 1611, offered the course in BS Pharmacy and licentiate in pharmacy.

 first Filipino to study pharmacy was Don Leon Ma. Guerrero - Father of Philippine Pharmacy

FIRST DRUGSTORE IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Botica Boie, the first drugstore in the Philippines is an institution that served as a soda fountain and drug company at the old Escolta.

 It was founded by a young physician-pharmacist named Dr. Lorenzo Negrao.

First pharmacy school run by filipinos Escuela De Farmacia Del Liceo De Manila in 1904 with Dr Alejandro Albert as founder and director. (per history of mcu)

 First Female Pharmacist in the Philippines - 1908

• Filomena Francisco

• Matilde S, Arquiza

 Filipino hero who studied pharmacy and army general

• Antonio Narciso Luna

1ST COLLEGE OF CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

• CEU was established in 1907

• college of Pharmacy was the first college opened in 1921.

• the first dean is Dr Valerio Jarling who prepared the “tiki tiki”