Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration - is a process that involves the oxidation and reduction of molecules to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Glycolysis- starts with the breakdown of glucose and ends with the formation of pyruvate.

During glycolysis, each glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules. The redox reactions also yield ATP molecules in the process.

Pyruvate is oxidized during the transition reaction to form the- acetyl-CoA.

Hans Adolf Krebs- He is a German-British scientist who discovered the Krebs cycle in 1930s.

Krebs cycle- starts with the reaction of oxaloacetate to acetyl-CoA.

Krebs cycle is also known as- citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic cycle

There are two molecules of pyruvate produced from glycolysis.

Krebs cycle is a series of oxidation of molecules, resulting in the formation of NADH, FADH2, and GTP, as well as the release of CO2.

Electrons released by NADH and FADH2 pass through protein complexes.

The primary function of the electron transport chain is to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. During the earlier stages of aerobic respiration (glycolysis and the citric acid cycle), energy-rich molecules like NADH and FADH2 are produced.

The ETC utilizes the energy stored in these molecules to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating an electrochemical gradient.

ATP Synthase- The hydrogen ions return to the matrix through ATP synthase.

Number of ATP produced of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis- 34ATP

Anaerobic respiration- is the process of producing energy without involving oxygen. This happens in the muscle cells of humans and other prokaryotic organisms like methanogens.

Glucose undergoes glycolysis but not Krebs cycle, ETC, and chemiosmosis. Instead, pyruvate undergoes fermentation.

Intermembrane space- It is responsible for holding the protons that are pumped out of the matrix.

Matrix- It is where ATP synthesis and Krebs cycle happen.

Cristae- These are folds of the inner membrane which increase the surface area for ATP production.

Inner membrane- It contains the proteins involved in the electron transport chain as well as the ATP synthase.

2 pyruvate + 2 coenzyme A + 2 NAD+ → 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH- Transition Reaction

2 acetyl CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 4 CO2 + 2 CoA + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 GTP- Krebs Cycle

Reactants- are the molecules that initiate the process. In cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen are the reactants

Products- are the molecules that are produced during and after the process. In cellular respiration, carbon dioxide, water, and ATP are the products.

Aerobic respiration- is the process of producing energy involving oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration- is the process of producing energy without the presence of oxygen.

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are the four stages of cellular respiration.

Krebs cycle and electron transport chain happen in the mitochondria of the cell.